Respiratory Syncytial Virus
About RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes the lungs and respiratory tract infection is a major cause of
Respiratory disease in young children.
In adults, it can only produce symptoms of a cold, such as a stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, mild headache,
Cough, fever and a general feeling of being sick. But in premature infants and children with disorders of the lungs,
Heart or immune system, RSV infections lead to more serious illnesses.
RSV is very contagious and can spread through droplets spread the virus when someone coughs or sneezes. Also
can on surfaces (such as countertops or doorknobs) and live on hands and clothes, so it can be easily spread when a
Person touches something contaminated.
RSV can spread rapidly through schools and day care centers. Babies often get when older kids carry the virus home
of the school and give it to them. Almost all children are infected with RSV at least once by the time they are 2 years old.
RSV infections often occur in epidemics that last from late fall to early spring. Respiratory disease caused by RSV
- How bronchiolitis or pneumonia - usually lasts about a week, but in some cases may take several weeks.
Doctors typically diagnose RSV by taking a medical history and do a physical examination. Generally, in healthy children, it is not
necessary to distinguish RSV from a common cold. But if a child has other disorders, might want to take a doctor
identifies a specific diagnosis in this case is RSV in nasal secretions collected either with a cotton swab or
Suction through a bulb syringe.
Prevent RSV
Since RSV can be easily spread by touching infected people or surfaces, frequent hand washing is key in preventing its
Transmission. Try to wash your hands after any contact with someone who has cold symptoms. And keep your school-
Child with a cold away from younger siblings - particularly infants - until the symptoms pass.
To prevent serious RSV-related respiratory disease, may at-risk babies a monthly injection of a medication be given
consisting of RSV antibodies during peak RSV season (roughly November to April). Because its protection is short-lived,
it must be given in the following years until the child is no longer at high risk for severe RSV infection. Ask the doctor
if your child is considered high risk.
Treatment of RSV
Fortunately, most cases of RSV are mild and require no specific treatment from doctors. Antibiotics are not used because
RSV is a virus and antibiotics are only effective against bacteria. Medications can sometimes administered to remain open
Respiratory tract.
In an infant, however, a RSV infection can be serious and require hospitalization so that the baby can be
closely monitored. He or she may require fluids and possibly treatment for breathing problems.
At home, make a child with an RSV infection as comfortable as possible, enough time for rest and offer much
Liquids. The last part can be tricky, but because babies can not feel like drinking water. In this case, offer fluids in
small amounts at more frequent intervals than usual.
To help your child breathe easier, use a cool mist vaporizer during the winter months, the air is too moist - winter air
can dry out airways and make the mucus stickier. Avoid hot water and steam humidifiers, which can be dangerous and
Cause scalding. If you use a cool mist humidifier, clean it daily with household bleach to discourage mold.
If your child is uncomfortable and too young to brush his or her own nose, use a nasal aspirator (or bulb syringe) to
remove sticky nasal fluids.
Treat fever with a nonaspirin fever medications such as acetaminophen. Aspirin should not be used in children with viral
Diseases, such as those made use of Reye's syndrome, a life-threatening disease associated.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child has any of these symptoms:
high fever with ill appearance
thick nasal discharge
, Yellow, green, or gray mucus produced worsening cough or cough
Signs of dehydration
Difficulty in breathing
In infants, besides the symptoms already mentioned, call the doctor if your baby is unusually irritable or inactive, or
refuses to breastfeed or bottle feed.
Seek immediate medical attention if you think your child has trouble breathing or is breathing very rapidly,
lethargic, or if his or her lips or fingernails appear blue.
Recurrent urinary tract infections and Related Conditions
Recurrent urinary tract infections and Related Conditions
About HWI
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in children, especially girls and uncircumcised boys. In fact, after 5 years, about 8%
of girls and 1% -2% of boys have had at least one urinary tract infection. UTIs occur when the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra or
infected.
Symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include:
Painful urination
Changes in frequency, appearance or odor of urine
Fever
Chills
Loss of appetite
Morning sickness
Throw up
Pain in the abdomen
Lower back pain or discomfort
UTIs can also cause children to wet the bed or their pants, even if they have not had these problems before. Infants and young children
Children may only show nonspecific symptoms such as fever, vomiting or loss of appetite or activity.
Some kids experience UTIs again and again - these are called recurrent UTIs. If left untreated, can cause recurrent urinary tract infections
Kidney damage, especially in children younger than 6 So it is important to know how to recognize the signs of these
Infections and help for your child.
Types of urinary tract infections
Common types of urinary tract infections include:
Cystitis: Cystitis this is the most common type of UTI. Cystitis occurs when bacteria move up the urethra (the
tubular structure, the urine discharged by the body of the bladder can be) and the bladder
Urethritis: when bacteria infect the urethra
Pyelonephritis: a kidney infection through infected urine flows backward from the bladder into the kidneys or caused
Infection in the blood stream reach the kidney
Related Terms
Recurrent urinary tract infections sometimes associated with other diseases, as happened, for example:
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the diagnosis found in 30% -50% of children with a UTI and is a congenital (present at the
Birth) condition in which urine flows backward into the ureter from the bladder. Ureters are thin, tube-like structures
that urine from the kidney to the bladder. Sometimes the urine back to the kidneys. When the urine in the bladder
infected with bacteria, VUR can lead to pyelonephritis.
hydronephrosis, the enlargement of one or both kidneys by securing or blocking the flow of urine, and is typically
caused by severe VUR or blocked ureter. Kids with hydronephrosis are sometimes at risk of recurrent urinary tract infections and have
daily to take low doses of antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections, until the condition producing hydronephrosis is better or
determined by the operation.
But can not be traced back to that body structure abnormalities in all cases of recurrent UTI. For example,
dysfunctional voiding - when a child is not properly relax the muscles when urinating - is a common cause of urinary tract infections.
Rare urination - not pee often enough - also increase a child's risk of developing recurrent infections.
Both dysfunctional emptying and urination are rare with constipation.
Independent conditions, the natural defenses of the body, such as diseases affecting the immune system can also cause
recurrent urinary tract infection, although this is rare. Moreover, by means of a urinary catheter not sterile bacteria in the introduction
Urinary tract and cause an infection.
Detect abnormalities
Although urinary tract infections can be treated with antibiotics, it is important that a doctor to rule out underlying abnormalities in
urinary tract infections if they occur repeatedly. Children with recurrent infections should be a pediatric
Urologist to determine what is causing the infection.
Some changes can be detected before birth. Hydronephrosis, when it occurs as an innate, can
detected in a fetus by ultrasound as early as 16 weeks of pregnancy. In rare cases, doctors may consider neonatal surgery
(Performing surgery on an unborn child), if hydronephrosis affects both kidneys and poses a risk to the fetus.
Most of the time, though, doctors wait until after birth to treat the condition, because almost half of all cases, the
are prenatally by the time a baby born diagnosed disappear.
Once a baby with suspected hydronephrosis or other urinary tract abnormality is born, the baby have blood pressure
will be carefully monitored because some kidney abnormalities can cause hypertension. An ultrasound may be used
again to take a closer look at the bladder and kidneys. If the condition appears to be the kidney both, doctors
is arranged generally in blood tests to measure kidney function.
Diagnosis
If an abnormality of the urinary tract is suspected, doctors may order tests to make an accurate diagnosis, including:
Ultrasound
With high-frequency sound waves to bounce "echo" or, from the body and create a picture of him, an ultrasound can detect
some abnormalities in the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It is also possible to measure the size and shape of the kidneys.
If an ultrasound could give points VUR or hydronephrosis, renal scan or voiding cystourethrogram (MCU) doctors a
better idea of what is going on.
Renal scan (nuclear scan)
Radioactive material is injected into a vein and then through the urinary tract. The material may show the form
the kidneys, how well they work, if it is damaged kidney tissue, and the course of the urine. A small amount
Radiation received during the test and excreted from the body in the urine.
Voiding cystourethrogram (MCU or cystogram)
A catheter (a hollow soft tube) is used to inject a dye into the opaque bladder. The X-ray test can diagnose VUR and
identify problems with the bladder or urethra.
Cystoscopy
A cystoscope used lenses and a light source within a tube is inserted through the urethra to the inside of the right
Bladder. It is used to indicate if other tests or symptoms suggestive of bladder abnormality.
Intravenous pyelogram
Opaque dye is injected into a vein and then x-rays are taken to follow the progress of the dye through the urinary tract.
Although this test is still used sometimes the kidneys and renal MRI scan have replaced intravenous pyelogram in most
Cases.
Magnetic resonance urography (MR-U)
This method makes the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the urinary tract without the use of dyes or
be radioactive substances has been shown to be as accurate as other scans and is now usually done instead of a
intravenous pyelogram.
Treatment
The treatment of recurrent UTI depends on what caused it in the first place. Sometimes the answer is as simple as
Teaching a child to empty the bladder as soon as he or she has the urge to go.
If a condition such as VUR, the cause of the infections, then the solution is a little more complicated. Children with VUR have
closely monitored because the condition, kidney infection (pyelonephritis) and subsequent kidney damage can result.
Usually, surgery is not necessary because many children outgrow the condition.
Some children with VUR benefit from daily treatment with a small amount of antibiotics that can also make surgery
unnecessary. Children with VUR should be examined by a pediatric urologist to decide whether antibiotic treatment is the best
Option for them.
In some cases, surgery is required to correct VUR. The most common type of surgery in these situations is ureteral
Reimplantation, in which one or both ureters into the bladder stretches to correct the reflux of urine from
the bladder to the ureter and kidney. The success rate for this type of procedure is high, but not everyone is a
good candidate for surgery.
Kids with the following situations may be candidates for ureteral reimplantation:
Intolerance to antibiotics
recurrent infections while on antibiotic treatment
serious or "high-grade" reflux
older children with reflux
An alternative to ureteral reimplantation is endoscopic injection of a material to the input of the ureter into the block
Bladder and prevent VUR. In this method, an endoscope as a narrow tube through the urethra in the inserted
Bladder. The endoscope has a tiny camera at the tip, allowing the surgeon to get it to run in the correct position and inject
the material, which helps keep urine from refluxing back into the kidneys. Endoscopic injection is less invasive than
open surgery, but the results are not so good. A pediatric urologist help families decide the best treatment for a
Child with VUR.
Children who have recurrent infections that are not caused by anatomical defects or other problems may be treatable
prescribed antibiotics for months or even years to prevent recurrent infections. This form of therapy is known
continuous antibiotic prophylaxis.
The future for the management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Recent studies have found that women and children who have recurrent urinary tract infections may lack certain immunoglobulins (a group of proteins
that fight infections). Some researchers are optimistic that a vaccine will be developed to increase the production of
Antibodies that fight urinary tract infections. Would protect a promising vaccine against E. coli (the most common bacterium that causes
UTI) is tested.
Home Treatment
Other things to note, in order to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in children:
Diet Changes
Encourage children to drink 8 to 10 glasses of water and other liquids per day. Cranberry juice and cranberry extract are
often proposed because it can prevent the attachment of the walls of the bladder E. coli. Always consult your doctor
although if your child should cranberry juice or cranberry extract drink because they can interfere with some medicines.
Good Bathroom Habits
Frequent emptying of the bladder, preventing normal urination and constipation can all help to prevent recurrent
Infections.
Multivitamins
Vitamin C acidifies the urine, making the environment less friendly to bacteria. Vitamins are designed for children usually
sure, but always consult your doctor before increasing the dose above the currently recommended daily dose.
No Bubble Baths
Children should avoid bubble baths and perfumed soaps because they can irritate the urethra.
Frequent diaper changes
Children in diapers should be changed frequently to the stool with prolonged contact with the genital area, which prevent
, the likelihood that bacteria will move the urethra and into the bladder to increase.
Proper wiping technique
For women, wiping from front to back will reduce UTI-causing bacteria after using the toilet exposure of the urethra
in the chair.
Cotton underwear
Breathable cotton underwear is less likely that the growth of bacteria near the urethra to promote as nylon or other materials.
Frequent visits bathroom
Some children may disagree with the school bathroom or may be so engrossed in a project that they postpone urination. Kids
with UTIs should urinate at least every 3 to 4 hours to help flush bacteria out of the urinary tract.
When to call the doctor
Once you suspect your child has a UTI, it is important to contact your physician. The doctor may recommend another urine
Culture is completed by the treatment of a urinary tract infection, to ensure that the infection has cleared.
If your child suffers from recurrent urinary tract infections, consult a pediatric urologist, who can be a thorough evaluation and, if
necessary to test for urinary tract abnormalities. In the meantime, follow your doctor's instructions for treating
a UTI.
About HWI
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in children, especially girls and uncircumcised boys. In fact, after 5 years, about 8%
of girls and 1% -2% of boys have had at least one urinary tract infection. UTIs occur when the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra or
infected.
Symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include:
Painful urination
Changes in frequency, appearance or odor of urine
Fever
Chills
Loss of appetite
Morning sickness
Throw up
Pain in the abdomen
Lower back pain or discomfort
UTIs can also cause children to wet the bed or their pants, even if they have not had these problems before. Infants and young children
Children may only show nonspecific symptoms such as fever, vomiting or loss of appetite or activity.
Some kids experience UTIs again and again - these are called recurrent UTIs. If left untreated, can cause recurrent urinary tract infections
Kidney damage, especially in children younger than 6 So it is important to know how to recognize the signs of these
Infections and help for your child.
Types of urinary tract infections
Common types of urinary tract infections include:
Cystitis: Cystitis this is the most common type of UTI. Cystitis occurs when bacteria move up the urethra (the
tubular structure, the urine discharged by the body of the bladder can be) and the bladder
Urethritis: when bacteria infect the urethra
Pyelonephritis: a kidney infection through infected urine flows backward from the bladder into the kidneys or caused
Infection in the blood stream reach the kidney
Related Terms
Recurrent urinary tract infections sometimes associated with other diseases, as happened, for example:
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the diagnosis found in 30% -50% of children with a UTI and is a congenital (present at the
Birth) condition in which urine flows backward into the ureter from the bladder. Ureters are thin, tube-like structures
that urine from the kidney to the bladder. Sometimes the urine back to the kidneys. When the urine in the bladder
infected with bacteria, VUR can lead to pyelonephritis.
hydronephrosis, the enlargement of one or both kidneys by securing or blocking the flow of urine, and is typically
caused by severe VUR or blocked ureter. Kids with hydronephrosis are sometimes at risk of recurrent urinary tract infections and have
daily to take low doses of antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections, until the condition producing hydronephrosis is better or
determined by the operation.
But can not be traced back to that body structure abnormalities in all cases of recurrent UTI. For example,
dysfunctional voiding - when a child is not properly relax the muscles when urinating - is a common cause of urinary tract infections.
Rare urination - not pee often enough - also increase a child's risk of developing recurrent infections.
Both dysfunctional emptying and urination are rare with constipation.
Independent conditions, the natural defenses of the body, such as diseases affecting the immune system can also cause
recurrent urinary tract infection, although this is rare. Moreover, by means of a urinary catheter not sterile bacteria in the introduction
Urinary tract and cause an infection.
Detect abnormalities
Although urinary tract infections can be treated with antibiotics, it is important that a doctor to rule out underlying abnormalities in
urinary tract infections if they occur repeatedly. Children with recurrent infections should be a pediatric
Urologist to determine what is causing the infection.
Some changes can be detected before birth. Hydronephrosis, when it occurs as an innate, can
detected in a fetus by ultrasound as early as 16 weeks of pregnancy. In rare cases, doctors may consider neonatal surgery
(Performing surgery on an unborn child), if hydronephrosis affects both kidneys and poses a risk to the fetus.
Most of the time, though, doctors wait until after birth to treat the condition, because almost half of all cases, the
are prenatally by the time a baby born diagnosed disappear.
Once a baby with suspected hydronephrosis or other urinary tract abnormality is born, the baby have blood pressure
will be carefully monitored because some kidney abnormalities can cause hypertension. An ultrasound may be used
again to take a closer look at the bladder and kidneys. If the condition appears to be the kidney both, doctors
is arranged generally in blood tests to measure kidney function.
Diagnosis
If an abnormality of the urinary tract is suspected, doctors may order tests to make an accurate diagnosis, including:
Ultrasound
With high-frequency sound waves to bounce "echo" or, from the body and create a picture of him, an ultrasound can detect
some abnormalities in the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It is also possible to measure the size and shape of the kidneys.
If an ultrasound could give points VUR or hydronephrosis, renal scan or voiding cystourethrogram (MCU) doctors a
better idea of what is going on.
Renal scan (nuclear scan)
Radioactive material is injected into a vein and then through the urinary tract. The material may show the form
the kidneys, how well they work, if it is damaged kidney tissue, and the course of the urine. A small amount
Radiation received during the test and excreted from the body in the urine.
Voiding cystourethrogram (MCU or cystogram)
A catheter (a hollow soft tube) is used to inject a dye into the opaque bladder. The X-ray test can diagnose VUR and
identify problems with the bladder or urethra.
Cystoscopy
A cystoscope used lenses and a light source within a tube is inserted through the urethra to the inside of the right
Bladder. It is used to indicate if other tests or symptoms suggestive of bladder abnormality.
Intravenous pyelogram
Opaque dye is injected into a vein and then x-rays are taken to follow the progress of the dye through the urinary tract.
Although this test is still used sometimes the kidneys and renal MRI scan have replaced intravenous pyelogram in most
Cases.
Magnetic resonance urography (MR-U)
This method makes the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the urinary tract without the use of dyes or
be radioactive substances has been shown to be as accurate as other scans and is now usually done instead of a
intravenous pyelogram.
Treatment
The treatment of recurrent UTI depends on what caused it in the first place. Sometimes the answer is as simple as
Teaching a child to empty the bladder as soon as he or she has the urge to go.
If a condition such as VUR, the cause of the infections, then the solution is a little more complicated. Children with VUR have
closely monitored because the condition, kidney infection (pyelonephritis) and subsequent kidney damage can result.
Usually, surgery is not necessary because many children outgrow the condition.
Some children with VUR benefit from daily treatment with a small amount of antibiotics that can also make surgery
unnecessary. Children with VUR should be examined by a pediatric urologist to decide whether antibiotic treatment is the best
Option for them.
In some cases, surgery is required to correct VUR. The most common type of surgery in these situations is ureteral
Reimplantation, in which one or both ureters into the bladder stretches to correct the reflux of urine from
the bladder to the ureter and kidney. The success rate for this type of procedure is high, but not everyone is a
good candidate for surgery.
Kids with the following situations may be candidates for ureteral reimplantation:
Intolerance to antibiotics
recurrent infections while on antibiotic treatment
serious or "high-grade" reflux
older children with reflux
An alternative to ureteral reimplantation is endoscopic injection of a material to the input of the ureter into the block
Bladder and prevent VUR. In this method, an endoscope as a narrow tube through the urethra in the inserted
Bladder. The endoscope has a tiny camera at the tip, allowing the surgeon to get it to run in the correct position and inject
the material, which helps keep urine from refluxing back into the kidneys. Endoscopic injection is less invasive than
open surgery, but the results are not so good. A pediatric urologist help families decide the best treatment for a
Child with VUR.
Children who have recurrent infections that are not caused by anatomical defects or other problems may be treatable
prescribed antibiotics for months or even years to prevent recurrent infections. This form of therapy is known
continuous antibiotic prophylaxis.
The future for the management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Recent studies have found that women and children who have recurrent urinary tract infections may lack certain immunoglobulins (a group of proteins
that fight infections). Some researchers are optimistic that a vaccine will be developed to increase the production of
Antibodies that fight urinary tract infections. Would protect a promising vaccine against E. coli (the most common bacterium that causes
UTI) is tested.
Home Treatment
Other things to note, in order to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in children:
Diet Changes
Encourage children to drink 8 to 10 glasses of water and other liquids per day. Cranberry juice and cranberry extract are
often proposed because it can prevent the attachment of the walls of the bladder E. coli. Always consult your doctor
although if your child should cranberry juice or cranberry extract drink because they can interfere with some medicines.
Good Bathroom Habits
Frequent emptying of the bladder, preventing normal urination and constipation can all help to prevent recurrent
Infections.
Multivitamins
Vitamin C acidifies the urine, making the environment less friendly to bacteria. Vitamins are designed for children usually
sure, but always consult your doctor before increasing the dose above the currently recommended daily dose.
No Bubble Baths
Children should avoid bubble baths and perfumed soaps because they can irritate the urethra.
Frequent diaper changes
Children in diapers should be changed frequently to the stool with prolonged contact with the genital area, which prevent
, the likelihood that bacteria will move the urethra and into the bladder to increase.
Proper wiping technique
For women, wiping from front to back will reduce UTI-causing bacteria after using the toilet exposure of the urethra
in the chair.
Cotton underwear
Breathable cotton underwear is less likely that the growth of bacteria near the urethra to promote as nylon or other materials.
Frequent visits bathroom
Some children may disagree with the school bathroom or may be so engrossed in a project that they postpone urination. Kids
with UTIs should urinate at least every 3 to 4 hours to help flush bacteria out of the urinary tract.
When to call the doctor
Once you suspect your child has a UTI, it is important to contact your physician. The doctor may recommend another urine
Culture is completed by the treatment of a urinary tract infection, to ensure that the infection has cleared.
If your child suffers from recurrent urinary tract infections, consult a pediatric urologist, who can be a thorough evaluation and, if
necessary to test for urinary tract abnormalities. In the meantime, follow your doctor's instructions for treating
a UTI.
rabies
Rabies
About Rabies
Rabies infections in humans are rare in the United States. However, worldwide about 50,000 people die of rabies each
Year, especially in developing countries where vaccination programs dogs against rabies do not exist. But the good news is
that problems can be prevented if the person to be treated before they develop symptoms of infection.
Rabies is a virus that in the U.S. is usually transmitted by a bite from a wild infected animal, such as a bat, raccoon,
Skunk or fox. If a bite from a rabid animal develops and untreated rabies is almost always fatal.
If you suspect that your child has been bitten by a rabid animal, immediately go to the emergency room. Each animal
Bites - even those who are not with rabies - can lead to infections and other medical problems. As a precaution, call
Your doctor any time your child has been bitten.
Gear
About 7,000 cases of rabies in animals each year to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Raccoons are the most common carriers of rabies in the United States, but bats are most likely to infect people. Almost
three-quarters of rabies cases between 1990 and 2001 came from contact with bats.
Skunks and foxes can also be infected with rabies, and a few cases in wolves, coyotes, lynx and reported
Ferrets. Small rodents such as hamsters, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and rabbits are seldom infected with the virus.
Because of widespread vaccination programs in the United States, transmission from dogs to humans is very rare. Outside
the United States, exposure to rabid dogs is the most common cause of transmission to humans.
An infected animal has transmitted the rabies virus in its saliva and can it to a person by biting. In rarer cases, a
Animal can spread the virus when its saliva comes into contact with a person's mucous membranes (moist skin surfaces, such as
the mouth or inner eyelids) or broken skin such as a cut, scratch, bump or open sore.
After a bite, the rabies virus can spread to surrounding muscles, then you travel near nerves to the brain. Once the
Virus reaches the brain, the infection is fatal in almost all cases.
Signs and symptoms
The first symptoms can range from a few days to more than a year, appear after the bite occurs.
One of the most striking signs of rabies infection is a tingling or twitching sensation around the area of the
Animal bite. It is often accompanied by fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, nausea and fatigue.
As the infection progresses, someone can become infected with rabies develop any of these symptoms:
Excitability
excessive movements or agitation
Perplexity
Hallucinations
Aggressiveness
bizarre or abnormal thoughts
Muscle cramps
abnormal postures
Seizures (convulsions)
Weakness or paralysis (when a person can not move a part of the body)
extreme sensitivity to bright light, sound or touch
increased production of saliva and tears
Difficulty in speaking
In advanced stages of infection, as it spreads to other parts of the nervous system, these symptoms can develop:
Double Vision
Problems moving facial muscles
abnormal movements of the diaphragm and muscles, respiratory
Difficulty swallowing and increased production of saliva, making the "foaming at the mouth" usually associated with a
Rabies infection
If your child is bitten by an animal
If your child has been bitten by an animal, the following steps immediately:
Wash the bite area with soap and water for 10 minutes and cover the bite with a clean bandage.
Immediately call your doctor and go to a nearby emergency room. Who needs with a possible rabies infection
treated in a hospital.
Call to help local animal control authorities, the animals that caused the bite. The animal may have to be held
and observed for signs of rabies.
If you know the owner of the animal that has bitten your child, you get all the information about the animal, including
Vaccination and the owner's name and address. Notify your local health department, especially when the animal
have not been vaccinated.
If you suspect that your child from an unknown dog, bat, rat, or other animal has bitten, contact your doctor
immediately or take your child to the emergency room.
Treatment
In the hospital, it is likely that the doctor first clean the wound thoroughly and make sure that your child
Tetanus immunizations are current.
To keep spreading a possible infection, the doctor may decide that your child begin treatment immediately with shots
of human rabies immune globulin at the wound site and vaccine shots in the arm. This decision is usually based on
Circumstances of the bite (provoked or reason), the type of animal (species, wild or domestic), the health of the animal
History (vaccinated or not), and the recommendations of the local health authorities.
Prevention
You can increase your chances that your family is exposed to rabies. Vaccinate your pets - dogs, cats, ferrets and can
infected by rabies. Report any stray animals to your local health department or animal control officer. Remind children that
Animals can be "strangers". You should never touch or feed stray cats or dogs wandering in the neighborhood or
elsewhere.
As a precaution against rabies, call your doctor if:
Your child has been exposed to an animal that might have rabies, but is too young to describe the contact with the animal
Your child has been exposed to bats, even if it does not bite
You are planning to travel abroad and come into contact with a rabid animal, especially if you are traveling to an area where
You may not have access to health care
About Rabies
Rabies infections in humans are rare in the United States. However, worldwide about 50,000 people die of rabies each
Year, especially in developing countries where vaccination programs dogs against rabies do not exist. But the good news is
that problems can be prevented if the person to be treated before they develop symptoms of infection.
Rabies is a virus that in the U.S. is usually transmitted by a bite from a wild infected animal, such as a bat, raccoon,
Skunk or fox. If a bite from a rabid animal develops and untreated rabies is almost always fatal.
If you suspect that your child has been bitten by a rabid animal, immediately go to the emergency room. Each animal
Bites - even those who are not with rabies - can lead to infections and other medical problems. As a precaution, call
Your doctor any time your child has been bitten.
Gear
About 7,000 cases of rabies in animals each year to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Raccoons are the most common carriers of rabies in the United States, but bats are most likely to infect people. Almost
three-quarters of rabies cases between 1990 and 2001 came from contact with bats.
Skunks and foxes can also be infected with rabies, and a few cases in wolves, coyotes, lynx and reported
Ferrets. Small rodents such as hamsters, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and rabbits are seldom infected with the virus.
Because of widespread vaccination programs in the United States, transmission from dogs to humans is very rare. Outside
the United States, exposure to rabid dogs is the most common cause of transmission to humans.
An infected animal has transmitted the rabies virus in its saliva and can it to a person by biting. In rarer cases, a
Animal can spread the virus when its saliva comes into contact with a person's mucous membranes (moist skin surfaces, such as
the mouth or inner eyelids) or broken skin such as a cut, scratch, bump or open sore.
After a bite, the rabies virus can spread to surrounding muscles, then you travel near nerves to the brain. Once the
Virus reaches the brain, the infection is fatal in almost all cases.
Signs and symptoms
The first symptoms can range from a few days to more than a year, appear after the bite occurs.
One of the most striking signs of rabies infection is a tingling or twitching sensation around the area of the
Animal bite. It is often accompanied by fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, nausea and fatigue.
As the infection progresses, someone can become infected with rabies develop any of these symptoms:
Excitability
excessive movements or agitation
Perplexity
Hallucinations
Aggressiveness
bizarre or abnormal thoughts
Muscle cramps
abnormal postures
Seizures (convulsions)
Weakness or paralysis (when a person can not move a part of the body)
extreme sensitivity to bright light, sound or touch
increased production of saliva and tears
Difficulty in speaking
In advanced stages of infection, as it spreads to other parts of the nervous system, these symptoms can develop:
Double Vision
Problems moving facial muscles
abnormal movements of the diaphragm and muscles, respiratory
Difficulty swallowing and increased production of saliva, making the "foaming at the mouth" usually associated with a
Rabies infection
If your child is bitten by an animal
If your child has been bitten by an animal, the following steps immediately:
Wash the bite area with soap and water for 10 minutes and cover the bite with a clean bandage.
Immediately call your doctor and go to a nearby emergency room. Who needs with a possible rabies infection
treated in a hospital.
Call to help local animal control authorities, the animals that caused the bite. The animal may have to be held
and observed for signs of rabies.
If you know the owner of the animal that has bitten your child, you get all the information about the animal, including
Vaccination and the owner's name and address. Notify your local health department, especially when the animal
have not been vaccinated.
If you suspect that your child from an unknown dog, bat, rat, or other animal has bitten, contact your doctor
immediately or take your child to the emergency room.
Treatment
In the hospital, it is likely that the doctor first clean the wound thoroughly and make sure that your child
Tetanus immunizations are current.
To keep spreading a possible infection, the doctor may decide that your child begin treatment immediately with shots
of human rabies immune globulin at the wound site and vaccine shots in the arm. This decision is usually based on
Circumstances of the bite (provoked or reason), the type of animal (species, wild or domestic), the health of the animal
History (vaccinated or not), and the recommendations of the local health authorities.
Prevention
You can increase your chances that your family is exposed to rabies. Vaccinate your pets - dogs, cats, ferrets and can
infected by rabies. Report any stray animals to your local health department or animal control officer. Remind children that
Animals can be "strangers". You should never touch or feed stray cats or dogs wandering in the neighborhood or
elsewhere.
As a precaution against rabies, call your doctor if:
Your child has been exposed to an animal that might have rabies, but is too young to describe the contact with the animal
Your child has been exposed to bats, even if it does not bite
You are planning to travel abroad and come into contact with a rabid animal, especially if you are traveling to an area where
You may not have access to health care
polio
Polio
Polio (poliomyelitis also) is a contagious, historically devastating disease that was virtually eliminated from
the Western hemisphere in the second half of the 20th Century. Although polio has plagued humans since ancient times, its
most extensive outbreak in the first half of the 1900s, before the vaccine was created by Jonas Salk
generally available in 1955.
At the height of the polio epidemic in 1952, nearly 60,000 cases with more than 3,000 deaths were reported in the United
States alone. However, with widespread vaccination, wild-type polio, or polio occurring through natural infection was
eliminated from the United States and the Western Hemisphere from 1979 until 1991.
Signs and symptoms
Polio is a viral disease in about 95% of cases, actually produces no symptoms (called asymptomatic polio).
In the 4% to 8% of the cases in which there are symptoms (so-called symptomatic polio), the disease is available in three forms:
a mild form called abortive polio (most people with this type can not even suspect that they have it because their disease is
limited to mild flu-like symptoms such as mild upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, fever, sore throat, and a general
To be feeling sick)
called a severe form of aseptic meningitis nonparalytic polio (1% -5% show neurological symptoms such as
such as sensitivity to light and neck stiffness)
a severe, debilitating form called paralytic polio (this occurs in 0.1% -2% of cases)
People who have abortive polio or infantile paralysis nonparalytic usually a full recovery. However, paralytic polio, as the name
suggests, causing paralysis - and can even lead to death.
In paralytic polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and enters the bloodstream, attacking the nerves (in abortive
or asymptomatic polio, not to get the virus usually through the intestinal tract). The virus can affect the nervous
over the muscles in the limbs and the muscles of respiration, leading to respiratory distress and paralysis
the arms and legs.
Contagiousness
Polio is transmitted primarily found by taking material with the virus in the stool (feces) contaminated. Not
Wash hands after using the restroom and drinking contaminated water were common culprits in the transmission of
Disease.
Prevention
In the United States, it is currently recommended that children have four doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
between 2 months and 6 years of age.
By 1964, the oral polio vaccine (OPV), followed by Albert Sabin had developed, will the recommended vaccine. OPV allowed large
Population immunized, because it was easy to manage, and it provided "contact" immunization, which means that
a person who is not immunized in contact with a recently immunized child was possibly become immune, too.
The problem with OPV was that in very rare cases, paralytic polio could either develop in immunized children or where
who came in contact with them. Since 1979 (when polio was eliminated in the United States), which is about 10
Have seen cases of polio each year in this country due to OPV.
IPV is a vaccine, the immune system of the body (through the production of antibodies) to fight the virus when stimulated
it comes into contact with it. IPV can not cause polio.
In an effort to eradicate all polio, including in cases related to the vaccine, the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) decided where the only IPV vaccine in the United States. Currently, the CDC and American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends three doses of IPV each other before the age of 18 months given, and an IPV booster
The period between the ages of 4 to 6 when children enter school.
If you plan to travel outside the United States, especially in Africa and Asia (where polio still exists) are to be
Ensure that you and your children vaccinated have a complete set of polio.
Time
Although the acute illness usually lasts less than 2 weeks, could be damage to the nerves for a lifetime. In the past, some
Patients with polio never wilted full use of their limbs, which would appear. Those who have to fully recover
Maybe on post-polio syndrome (PPS) to develop as many as 30 to 40 years after contracting polio. In PPS, the damage
carried out to the nerve in the disease causes an acceleration of the normal progressive weakness due to aging.
Treatment
During the height of the polio epidemic, the standard treatment involved placing a patient with paralysis of the
Respiratory muscles in an "iron lung" - a great machine that actually pushed and pulled the chest muscles to make them
working. The damaged limbs were often kept immobilized because of the narrowness of the iron lung. In countries where polio
is still a concern, ventilators and some iron lungs are still used.
Historically, the home treatment for paralytic polio and abortive polio with neurological symptoms was not sufficient.
However, asymptomatic and mild cases of abortive polio with no neurological symptoms were usually treated like the flu,
with plenty of fluids and bed rest.
The future of polio
The World Health Organization (WHO) are working toward eradicating polio throughout the world. Significant progress made
already taken place. In the year 1988 355.000 cases of polio were reported in 125 countries. By the end of 2004, there were only
1,255 cases.
Four countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan) is still circulating polio, and the virus could
introduced in other countries. When the polio virus in a country where not enough people have imported vaccinated,
there is a risk that it will spread from person to person. That's what happened in some countries in Africa and
Asia. So until it's fixed, it is the world's important to continue vaccinating children against polio.
Polio (poliomyelitis also) is a contagious, historically devastating disease that was virtually eliminated from
the Western hemisphere in the second half of the 20th Century. Although polio has plagued humans since ancient times, its
most extensive outbreak in the first half of the 1900s, before the vaccine was created by Jonas Salk
generally available in 1955.
At the height of the polio epidemic in 1952, nearly 60,000 cases with more than 3,000 deaths were reported in the United
States alone. However, with widespread vaccination, wild-type polio, or polio occurring through natural infection was
eliminated from the United States and the Western Hemisphere from 1979 until 1991.
Signs and symptoms
Polio is a viral disease in about 95% of cases, actually produces no symptoms (called asymptomatic polio).
In the 4% to 8% of the cases in which there are symptoms (so-called symptomatic polio), the disease is available in three forms:
a mild form called abortive polio (most people with this type can not even suspect that they have it because their disease is
limited to mild flu-like symptoms such as mild upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, fever, sore throat, and a general
To be feeling sick)
called a severe form of aseptic meningitis nonparalytic polio (1% -5% show neurological symptoms such as
such as sensitivity to light and neck stiffness)
a severe, debilitating form called paralytic polio (this occurs in 0.1% -2% of cases)
People who have abortive polio or infantile paralysis nonparalytic usually a full recovery. However, paralytic polio, as the name
suggests, causing paralysis - and can even lead to death.
In paralytic polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and enters the bloodstream, attacking the nerves (in abortive
or asymptomatic polio, not to get the virus usually through the intestinal tract). The virus can affect the nervous
over the muscles in the limbs and the muscles of respiration, leading to respiratory distress and paralysis
the arms and legs.
Contagiousness
Polio is transmitted primarily found by taking material with the virus in the stool (feces) contaminated. Not
Wash hands after using the restroom and drinking contaminated water were common culprits in the transmission of
Disease.
Prevention
In the United States, it is currently recommended that children have four doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
between 2 months and 6 years of age.
By 1964, the oral polio vaccine (OPV), followed by Albert Sabin had developed, will the recommended vaccine. OPV allowed large
Population immunized, because it was easy to manage, and it provided "contact" immunization, which means that
a person who is not immunized in contact with a recently immunized child was possibly become immune, too.
The problem with OPV was that in very rare cases, paralytic polio could either develop in immunized children or where
who came in contact with them. Since 1979 (when polio was eliminated in the United States), which is about 10
Have seen cases of polio each year in this country due to OPV.
IPV is a vaccine, the immune system of the body (through the production of antibodies) to fight the virus when stimulated
it comes into contact with it. IPV can not cause polio.
In an effort to eradicate all polio, including in cases related to the vaccine, the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) decided where the only IPV vaccine in the United States. Currently, the CDC and American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends three doses of IPV each other before the age of 18 months given, and an IPV booster
The period between the ages of 4 to 6 when children enter school.
If you plan to travel outside the United States, especially in Africa and Asia (where polio still exists) are to be
Ensure that you and your children vaccinated have a complete set of polio.
Time
Although the acute illness usually lasts less than 2 weeks, could be damage to the nerves for a lifetime. In the past, some
Patients with polio never wilted full use of their limbs, which would appear. Those who have to fully recover
Maybe on post-polio syndrome (PPS) to develop as many as 30 to 40 years after contracting polio. In PPS, the damage
carried out to the nerve in the disease causes an acceleration of the normal progressive weakness due to aging.
Treatment
During the height of the polio epidemic, the standard treatment involved placing a patient with paralysis of the
Respiratory muscles in an "iron lung" - a great machine that actually pushed and pulled the chest muscles to make them
working. The damaged limbs were often kept immobilized because of the narrowness of the iron lung. In countries where polio
is still a concern, ventilators and some iron lungs are still used.
Historically, the home treatment for paralytic polio and abortive polio with neurological symptoms was not sufficient.
However, asymptomatic and mild cases of abortive polio with no neurological symptoms were usually treated like the flu,
with plenty of fluids and bed rest.
The future of polio
The World Health Organization (WHO) are working toward eradicating polio throughout the world. Significant progress made
already taken place. In the year 1988 355.000 cases of polio were reported in 125 countries. By the end of 2004, there were only
1,255 cases.
Four countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan) is still circulating polio, and the virus could
introduced in other countries. When the polio virus in a country where not enough people have imported vaccinated,
there is a risk that it will spread from person to person. That's what happened in some countries in Africa and
Asia. So until it's fixed, it is the world's important to continue vaccinating children against polio.
Pinkeye (conjunctivitis)
Pinkeye (conjunctivitis)
About Pinkeye
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers
white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
Pinkeye can be alarming because it may make the eyes extremely red and can spread rapidly. But it is a fairly common
Usually no long-term eye or vision problems cause state and causes.
Nevertheless, if your child shows symptoms of conjunctivitis, it is important to see a doctor. Some types of conjunctivitis go away on their
require their own, but other treatment.
Causes
Pinkeye can be caused by many bacteria and viruses responsible for colds and other infections, - including ear
And to cause the same kinds of bacteria, chlamydia and gonorrhea - infections, infections of the sinuses and sore throat
two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, also called sexually transmitted infections or sexually transmitted diseases).
Pinkeye can be caused by allergies. These cases seem to happen more frequently among kids who also have other
allergic diseases such as hay fever. Triggers of allergic conjunctivitis include grass, ragweed pollen, animal hair,
and mites.
Sometimes a substance in the environment can cause irritation and conjunctivitis the eyes, such as chemicals (chlorine, soaps,
etc.) or air pollution (smoke and fumes).
Pinkeye in newborn babies
Newborns are particularly susceptible to pinkeye and can be more susceptible to serious health complications if it goes
untreated.
When a baby to a mother who has an STD / STI, during birth is born, the bacteria or virus can pass from the birth canal
in the baby's eyes, what pinkeye. To prevent this, doctors give antibiotic ointment or eye drops to all babies
immediately after birth. Occasionally, this is a mild chemical conjunctivitis, which usually preventative treatment
clears up on its own. Doctors also can screen pregnant women for STIs / STDs and treat them during pregnancy to prevent
Transmission of the infection to the child.
Many babies with a narrow or blocked tear duct (lacrimal called stenosis), which clarifies usually be born on his
own. However, sometimes it can lead to conjunctivitis.
Symptoms
The different types of conjunctivitis may have different symptoms. And symptoms can vary from child to child.
One of the most common symptoms is discomfort in the eye. A child may say that it feels like there is sand in the eyes.
Many kids have redness of the eye and the inner eyelid, which is why conjunctivitis is often called pinkeye. It can also
cause discharge from the eyes, which can cause the eyelids to stick when the child wakes up in the morning. Some
Kids have swollen eyelids or sensitivity to bright light.
In cases of allergic conjunctivitis, itchiness and tearing are common symptoms.
Contagiousness
Cases of conjunctivitis caused by bacteria and viruses are contagious; cases caused by allergies or environmental
Irritants are not.
A child may have conjunctivitis touched by touching an infected person or something an infected person, such as to get used to a
Tissue. In the summer months pinkeye can spread when kids swim in contaminated water or towels contaminated share. Also
can be spread by coughing and sneezing.
Doctors usually recommend that children diagnosed with contagious conjunctivitis out of school, child care or summer camp
for a short time.
In addition, a person who has pinkeye in one eye may inadvertently spread it to the other eye by touching the infected eye, then
Touching the other eye.
Prevent Pinkeye
To pinkeye caused by infections, teach kids to wash their hands often with soap and warm water. They should also
do not share eye drops, tissues, eye makeup, washcloths, towels or pillowcases with other people.
Be sure to wash your own hands thoroughly after touching an infected child's eyes and throw away items like gauze or
Cotton after it has been used. Wash towels and other laundry that the child used separately in hot water
the rest of the family laundry to avoid contamination.
If you know your child is prone to allergic conjunctivitis, keep windows and doors closed on days when the pollen
heavy, and dust and vacuum frequently to limit allergy triggers in the home. Irritant conjunctivitis can only
prevented by avoiding the irritating causes.
Many cases of conjunctivitis in newborns can be prevented by screening and treatment of pregnant women for STDs / STIs. A pregnant
Woman can bacteria in her birth canal, even if they have no symptoms, which is why prenatal screening is important shows.
Treatment
Pinkeye caused by a virus usually goes away on its own without any treatment. If a doctor suspects that the conjunctivitis has
caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotic eye drops or ointments will be prescribed.
Sometimes it can get challenging children to tolerate his eye drops several times a day. If you have problems, contact the
Drops on the inner corner of your child's closed eye - when the child opens his eyes, the medicine will flow into it. When
You continue to have problems with drops, ask the doctor about antibiotic ointment. It can be applied in a thin layer
where to take the eyelids, and melts and into the eye.
If your child has allergic conjunctivitis, your doctor may prescribe anti-allergy medication that comes in the form
Pills, liquid or eye drops.
Cool or warm compresses and acetaminophen or ibuprofen may make a child with pinkeye feel more comfortable. You can clean
the edges of the infected eye thoroughly with hot water, and gauze or cotton. This can also remove the crusts of
dried discharge, which cause the eyelids first stick, which can in the morning.
If your child wears contact lenses and has conjunctivitis, your doctor or ophthalmologist may recommend that the contact
Lenses not be worn until the infection has disappeared. After the infection is gone, carefully clean the lenses. Be sure to
Disinfection of the lenses and case at least twice before you wear your child back. If your child wears disposable
Contact lenses, discard current pair, and use a new pair.
When to call the doctor
If you think your child has conjunctivitis, it is important to contact your doctor to find out what is causing it and how to treat them
it. Other serious eye conditions can mimic conjunctivitis, so a child who complains of severe pain, changes in vision,
Swelling around the eyes, or sensitivity to light should be investigated. If the conjunctivitis does not improve after 2 to 3 days
of treatment or after a week if left untreated, call your doctor.
If your child has conjunctivitis and starts, increased swelling, redness and tenderness in the eyelids and around the development
Eye, along with a fever, call your doctor. These symptoms may indicate that the infection has begun on the spread
Conjunctiva and require additional treatment.
About Pinkeye
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers
white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
Pinkeye can be alarming because it may make the eyes extremely red and can spread rapidly. But it is a fairly common
Usually no long-term eye or vision problems cause state and causes.
Nevertheless, if your child shows symptoms of conjunctivitis, it is important to see a doctor. Some types of conjunctivitis go away on their
require their own, but other treatment.
Causes
Pinkeye can be caused by many bacteria and viruses responsible for colds and other infections, - including ear
And to cause the same kinds of bacteria, chlamydia and gonorrhea - infections, infections of the sinuses and sore throat
two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, also called sexually transmitted infections or sexually transmitted diseases).
Pinkeye can be caused by allergies. These cases seem to happen more frequently among kids who also have other
allergic diseases such as hay fever. Triggers of allergic conjunctivitis include grass, ragweed pollen, animal hair,
and mites.
Sometimes a substance in the environment can cause irritation and conjunctivitis the eyes, such as chemicals (chlorine, soaps,
etc.) or air pollution (smoke and fumes).
Pinkeye in newborn babies
Newborns are particularly susceptible to pinkeye and can be more susceptible to serious health complications if it goes
untreated.
When a baby to a mother who has an STD / STI, during birth is born, the bacteria or virus can pass from the birth canal
in the baby's eyes, what pinkeye. To prevent this, doctors give antibiotic ointment or eye drops to all babies
immediately after birth. Occasionally, this is a mild chemical conjunctivitis, which usually preventative treatment
clears up on its own. Doctors also can screen pregnant women for STIs / STDs and treat them during pregnancy to prevent
Transmission of the infection to the child.
Many babies with a narrow or blocked tear duct (lacrimal called stenosis), which clarifies usually be born on his
own. However, sometimes it can lead to conjunctivitis.
Symptoms
The different types of conjunctivitis may have different symptoms. And symptoms can vary from child to child.
One of the most common symptoms is discomfort in the eye. A child may say that it feels like there is sand in the eyes.
Many kids have redness of the eye and the inner eyelid, which is why conjunctivitis is often called pinkeye. It can also
cause discharge from the eyes, which can cause the eyelids to stick when the child wakes up in the morning. Some
Kids have swollen eyelids or sensitivity to bright light.
In cases of allergic conjunctivitis, itchiness and tearing are common symptoms.
Contagiousness
Cases of conjunctivitis caused by bacteria and viruses are contagious; cases caused by allergies or environmental
Irritants are not.
A child may have conjunctivitis touched by touching an infected person or something an infected person, such as to get used to a
Tissue. In the summer months pinkeye can spread when kids swim in contaminated water or towels contaminated share. Also
can be spread by coughing and sneezing.
Doctors usually recommend that children diagnosed with contagious conjunctivitis out of school, child care or summer camp
for a short time.
In addition, a person who has pinkeye in one eye may inadvertently spread it to the other eye by touching the infected eye, then
Touching the other eye.
Prevent Pinkeye
To pinkeye caused by infections, teach kids to wash their hands often with soap and warm water. They should also
do not share eye drops, tissues, eye makeup, washcloths, towels or pillowcases with other people.
Be sure to wash your own hands thoroughly after touching an infected child's eyes and throw away items like gauze or
Cotton after it has been used. Wash towels and other laundry that the child used separately in hot water
the rest of the family laundry to avoid contamination.
If you know your child is prone to allergic conjunctivitis, keep windows and doors closed on days when the pollen
heavy, and dust and vacuum frequently to limit allergy triggers in the home. Irritant conjunctivitis can only
prevented by avoiding the irritating causes.
Many cases of conjunctivitis in newborns can be prevented by screening and treatment of pregnant women for STDs / STIs. A pregnant
Woman can bacteria in her birth canal, even if they have no symptoms, which is why prenatal screening is important shows.
Treatment
Pinkeye caused by a virus usually goes away on its own without any treatment. If a doctor suspects that the conjunctivitis has
caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotic eye drops or ointments will be prescribed.
Sometimes it can get challenging children to tolerate his eye drops several times a day. If you have problems, contact the
Drops on the inner corner of your child's closed eye - when the child opens his eyes, the medicine will flow into it. When
You continue to have problems with drops, ask the doctor about antibiotic ointment. It can be applied in a thin layer
where to take the eyelids, and melts and into the eye.
If your child has allergic conjunctivitis, your doctor may prescribe anti-allergy medication that comes in the form
Pills, liquid or eye drops.
Cool or warm compresses and acetaminophen or ibuprofen may make a child with pinkeye feel more comfortable. You can clean
the edges of the infected eye thoroughly with hot water, and gauze or cotton. This can also remove the crusts of
dried discharge, which cause the eyelids first stick, which can in the morning.
If your child wears contact lenses and has conjunctivitis, your doctor or ophthalmologist may recommend that the contact
Lenses not be worn until the infection has disappeared. After the infection is gone, carefully clean the lenses. Be sure to
Disinfection of the lenses and case at least twice before you wear your child back. If your child wears disposable
Contact lenses, discard current pair, and use a new pair.
When to call the doctor
If you think your child has conjunctivitis, it is important to contact your doctor to find out what is causing it and how to treat them
it. Other serious eye conditions can mimic conjunctivitis, so a child who complains of severe pain, changes in vision,
Swelling around the eyes, or sensitivity to light should be investigated. If the conjunctivitis does not improve after 2 to 3 days
of treatment or after a week if left untreated, call your doctor.
If your child has conjunctivitis and starts, increased swelling, redness and tenderness in the eyelids and around the development
Eye, along with a fever, call your doctor. These symptoms may indicate that the infection has begun on the spread
Conjunctiva and require additional treatment.
peritonsillar Abscess
Peritonsillar Abscess
The Basics
Many children get tonsillitis (an infection of the tonsils), especially younger children. As children get older, but this
Strep throat can be accompanied by an unpleasant condition called peritonsillar abscess.
A peritonsillar abscess is a pus-filled area of tissue at the back of the mouth, next to one of the tonsils. The abscess
can be very painful and make it difficult to open the mouth. It can also cause swelling of the tonsils and displace
slide it toward the uvula (the dangling fleshy object at the back of the mouth). This can block the throat, so that there
hard to swallow, speak, and sometimes even to breathe.
A peritonsillar abscess untreated can lead to a spread of the infection in the throat and chest, as well as other
serious complications.
Causes
Peritonsillar abscesses are usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacteria, which can also cause strep
Throat. Some other types of bacteria are also involved.
Peritonsillar abscesses usually as a complication of tonsillitis, happens when the infection spreads from an almond in
the surrounding area. Fortunately, these types of abscesses are unusual because the doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat
Tonsillitis.
Tooth and gum disease and smoking increase the chances of a peritonsillar abscess.
Symptoms
Often the first signs of a peritonsillar abscess is a sore throat. As the abscess develops, other symptoms will occur.
Some of the most common are:
red, swollen tonsils
a tonsil that push against the uvula is
Tender, swollen glands (lymph nodes) on one side of the neck
Pain on one side of the neck
Difficulty and pain when swallowing or opening the mouth
Fever and chills
Headaches
Earache
drooling
a muffled or hoarse voice
A peritonsillar abscess that goes untreated for a long time can lead to serious complications - such as the
Infection may extend into the jaw, neck, and chest, or lead to pneumonia.
Diagnosis
Call a doctor if your child has a sore throat with fever or any other symptoms of a peritonsillar abscess.
It is rare that an abscess restrict breathing, but if it is the case, you may need to take your child to the emergency
Room immediately.
The doctor will examine your child's mouth, throat and neck. The doctor could also have a throat culture and a blood-
Test. In rare cases, the doctor can help you for a CT scan or ultrasound, to name the diagnosis.
Treatment
The usual treatment for peritonsillar abscess involves drainage of the abscess. This can be done in a doctor's office
Removing the pus with a needle (called aspiration) or make a small incision in the abscess with a scalpel so the pus can
drain.
If this does not work, could the tonsils must be removed in a tonsillectomy. This is especially true for children who have
had several recent cases of tonsillitis or peritonsillar earlier.
Depending on your child's condition and treatment, he or she may need to stay in hospital for a short time after
the procedure. The doctor will probably prescribe painkillers and antibiotics. Make sure that your child's full
Course of antibiotics, even if he or she feels better after a few days.
The earlier a case is diagnosed and treated by peritonsillar abscess, the less invasive treatment need to be, so
if you notice any symptoms, see a doctor sooner rather than later.
Lowering Risk Factors
You can help encourage children to reduce their risk of peritonsillar through them to practice good oral hygiene. And
Do not encourage your children to smoke, because - among other health risks - smoking can increase the risk of developing a
Peritonsillar abscess.
The Basics
Many children get tonsillitis (an infection of the tonsils), especially younger children. As children get older, but this
Strep throat can be accompanied by an unpleasant condition called peritonsillar abscess.
A peritonsillar abscess is a pus-filled area of tissue at the back of the mouth, next to one of the tonsils. The abscess
can be very painful and make it difficult to open the mouth. It can also cause swelling of the tonsils and displace
slide it toward the uvula (the dangling fleshy object at the back of the mouth). This can block the throat, so that there
hard to swallow, speak, and sometimes even to breathe.
A peritonsillar abscess untreated can lead to a spread of the infection in the throat and chest, as well as other
serious complications.
Causes
Peritonsillar abscesses are usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacteria, which can also cause strep
Throat. Some other types of bacteria are also involved.
Peritonsillar abscesses usually as a complication of tonsillitis, happens when the infection spreads from an almond in
the surrounding area. Fortunately, these types of abscesses are unusual because the doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat
Tonsillitis.
Tooth and gum disease and smoking increase the chances of a peritonsillar abscess.
Symptoms
Often the first signs of a peritonsillar abscess is a sore throat. As the abscess develops, other symptoms will occur.
Some of the most common are:
red, swollen tonsils
a tonsil that push against the uvula is
Tender, swollen glands (lymph nodes) on one side of the neck
Pain on one side of the neck
Difficulty and pain when swallowing or opening the mouth
Fever and chills
Headaches
Earache
drooling
a muffled or hoarse voice
A peritonsillar abscess that goes untreated for a long time can lead to serious complications - such as the
Infection may extend into the jaw, neck, and chest, or lead to pneumonia.
Diagnosis
Call a doctor if your child has a sore throat with fever or any other symptoms of a peritonsillar abscess.
It is rare that an abscess restrict breathing, but if it is the case, you may need to take your child to the emergency
Room immediately.
The doctor will examine your child's mouth, throat and neck. The doctor could also have a throat culture and a blood-
Test. In rare cases, the doctor can help you for a CT scan or ultrasound, to name the diagnosis.
Treatment
The usual treatment for peritonsillar abscess involves drainage of the abscess. This can be done in a doctor's office
Removing the pus with a needle (called aspiration) or make a small incision in the abscess with a scalpel so the pus can
drain.
If this does not work, could the tonsils must be removed in a tonsillectomy. This is especially true for children who have
had several recent cases of tonsillitis or peritonsillar earlier.
Depending on your child's condition and treatment, he or she may need to stay in hospital for a short time after
the procedure. The doctor will probably prescribe painkillers and antibiotics. Make sure that your child's full
Course of antibiotics, even if he or she feels better after a few days.
The earlier a case is diagnosed and treated by peritonsillar abscess, the less invasive treatment need to be, so
if you notice any symptoms, see a doctor sooner rather than later.
Lowering Risk Factors
You can help encourage children to reduce their risk of peritonsillar through them to practice good oral hygiene. And
Do not encourage your children to smoke, because - among other health risks - smoking can increase the risk of developing a
Peritonsillar abscess.
osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis
If your kids are like most, they are probably quite active and not always as careful as they should be. Minor scrapes and
Bruises that will develop on their arms and legs usually heal on their own - but deeper wounds untreated
can become infected and lead to bone infection. In medical terms this is called osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is usually caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, but other bacteria can cause it, too. Germs
Usually enter the tissues of the body through an open wound (often a broken bone that breaks the skin), but can also travel
a bone through the bloodstream from another infected area in the body (this is called hematogenous osteomyelitis).
The bone can also be infected if the blood supply to that area is disturbed, such as elderly people become
Arteriosclerosis (narrowing of blood vessels) or in patients with diabetes. Atherosclerosis or diabetes-related bone
Infections usually occur in the toes or other bones in the feet. Osteomyelitis other reasons usually affects the long
Bones of the arms and legs.
Signs and symptoms
Children with osteomyelitis often feel severe pain in the infected bone and maybe a fever and chills, feel tired or
ill, or have a general feeling of not being well. The skin over the infected bone may be sore, red and swollen.
It is often difficult to diagnose osteomyelitis in infants and young children because they do not always show pain or feeling
Specific symptoms in the area of infection. In addition, older people with atherosclerosis or diabetes sometimes
lose the ability to pain (also called neuropathy) feel, as well as their symptoms may not be obvious. In teens who tend to
Develop osteomyelitis after an accident or injury, the injury site begin to hurt again after initially seemingly
be better.
Diagnosis
If your child has a fever and bone pain, visit the doctor immediately. Waiting is not recommended, because osteomyelitis
may be worse to deal within hours or days, and very much more difficult.
The doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about recent injuries in the area that is painful. Blood tests
could be done to see if the white blood cell count is elevated (a sign of infection) and will look for signs of
possible inflammation or infection in the body. An X-ray may be ordered, but X-rays usually do not show signs of
Infection in someone who had osteomyelitis for a little while.
If osteomyelitis is suspected, the doctor might be a bone scan, which provides a closer look at the bone. The
Doctor may also recommend an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), which produces much more detailed images than X-rays.
MRI not only diagnose osteomyelitis, but may help determine how long the bone has been infected.
Treatment
Treatment of osteomyelitis depends on the severity of the infection and whether it is acute (recent) or chronic (was
Presentation for a long time). The doctor can puncture, taking a sample from the bone to help
Identification of the bacteria responsible for the infection, which will help to treat the right antibiotic that
particular infection.
A child who is diagnosed with severe osteomyelitis in May to the hospital for a short stay so that intravenous approved
(IV) antibiotics given to fight the infection. Must as soon as the condition improves, the children can go home but may
continue IV or oral antibiotics for several weeks.
In cases in which a cavity or a hole in the bone and pus developed (a large collection of bacteria and white blood cells)
filled this area, the doctor will perform debridement. This is a method to clean the wound and remove dead tissue
Pus draining from the bone so it can heal properly.
Prevention
The easiest way to prevent osteomyelitis is a good hygiene practice. All cuts and wounds - especially deep wounds -
should be thoroughly cleaned. Wash the wound with soap and water, hold it under running water for at least 5 minutes to
Rinse it out.
So that the wound clean afterwards, cover it with a sterile gauze or a clean cloth. You can apply an over-the-counter
antibiotic cream as well, but the important thing is to clean the area. Healing wounds should begin within 24
Hours and to heal completely within a week. A wound that is longer to heal or cause your child extreme pain
should be examined by a doctor.
If your kids are like most, they are probably quite active and not always as careful as they should be. Minor scrapes and
Bruises that will develop on their arms and legs usually heal on their own - but deeper wounds untreated
can become infected and lead to bone infection. In medical terms this is called osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is usually caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, but other bacteria can cause it, too. Germs
Usually enter the tissues of the body through an open wound (often a broken bone that breaks the skin), but can also travel
a bone through the bloodstream from another infected area in the body (this is called hematogenous osteomyelitis).
The bone can also be infected if the blood supply to that area is disturbed, such as elderly people become
Arteriosclerosis (narrowing of blood vessels) or in patients with diabetes. Atherosclerosis or diabetes-related bone
Infections usually occur in the toes or other bones in the feet. Osteomyelitis other reasons usually affects the long
Bones of the arms and legs.
Signs and symptoms
Children with osteomyelitis often feel severe pain in the infected bone and maybe a fever and chills, feel tired or
ill, or have a general feeling of not being well. The skin over the infected bone may be sore, red and swollen.
It is often difficult to diagnose osteomyelitis in infants and young children because they do not always show pain or feeling
Specific symptoms in the area of infection. In addition, older people with atherosclerosis or diabetes sometimes
lose the ability to pain (also called neuropathy) feel, as well as their symptoms may not be obvious. In teens who tend to
Develop osteomyelitis after an accident or injury, the injury site begin to hurt again after initially seemingly
be better.
Diagnosis
If your child has a fever and bone pain, visit the doctor immediately. Waiting is not recommended, because osteomyelitis
may be worse to deal within hours or days, and very much more difficult.
The doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about recent injuries in the area that is painful. Blood tests
could be done to see if the white blood cell count is elevated (a sign of infection) and will look for signs of
possible inflammation or infection in the body. An X-ray may be ordered, but X-rays usually do not show signs of
Infection in someone who had osteomyelitis for a little while.
If osteomyelitis is suspected, the doctor might be a bone scan, which provides a closer look at the bone. The
Doctor may also recommend an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), which produces much more detailed images than X-rays.
MRI not only diagnose osteomyelitis, but may help determine how long the bone has been infected.
Treatment
Treatment of osteomyelitis depends on the severity of the infection and whether it is acute (recent) or chronic (was
Presentation for a long time). The doctor can puncture, taking a sample from the bone to help
Identification of the bacteria responsible for the infection, which will help to treat the right antibiotic that
particular infection.
A child who is diagnosed with severe osteomyelitis in May to the hospital for a short stay so that intravenous approved
(IV) antibiotics given to fight the infection. Must as soon as the condition improves, the children can go home but may
continue IV or oral antibiotics for several weeks.
In cases in which a cavity or a hole in the bone and pus developed (a large collection of bacteria and white blood cells)
filled this area, the doctor will perform debridement. This is a method to clean the wound and remove dead tissue
Pus draining from the bone so it can heal properly.
Prevention
The easiest way to prevent osteomyelitis is a good hygiene practice. All cuts and wounds - especially deep wounds -
should be thoroughly cleaned. Wash the wound with soap and water, hold it under running water for at least 5 minutes to
Rinse it out.
So that the wound clean afterwards, cover it with a sterile gauze or a clean cloth. You can apply an over-the-counter
antibiotic cream as well, but the important thing is to clean the area. Healing wounds should begin within 24
Hours and to heal completely within a week. A wound that is longer to heal or cause your child extreme pain
should be examined by a doctor.
mumps
Mumps
About mumps
Mumps is a disease which affected many parts of the body through saliva and can carry a virus that usually spreads,
especially the parotid salivary gland. These glands that produce saliva in the mouth, are found in towards the back
each cheek, in the area between the ear and jaw. In cases of mumps swell, these glands typically and painful.
The disease has been known for several centuries, and medical historians argue over whether the name "mumps" comes
from an old word for "lump" or an old word for "mumble."
Mumps was common until the mumps vaccine was licensed in 1967. Before vaccination, more than 200,000 cases occurred per
Year in the United States. Since then, the number of cases has dropped to fewer than 1,000 per year, and epidemics have
quite rare. As in the pre-vaccine era, most cases of mumps are still children aged 5-14, but the proportion of
young adults who became infected is rising slowly over the last two decades. Mumps infections are rare in children
younger than 1 year old.
After a case of mumps it is very unusual to have a second round because of an attack of mumps almost always gives lifelong
Protection against another. But other infections can also cause swelling in the salivary glands could lead to a
Parent to mistakenly think a child had mumps more than once.
Signs and symptoms
Cases of mumps can begin with a high temperature of up to 103 ° F (39.4 ° C), as well as headache and loss of appetite. The well-
known hallmark of mumps is swelling and pain in the parotid gland, so that the child will resemble a hamster with food in its
Cheeks. The glands usually always swollen and painful over a period of 1-3 days. The pain is worse when
the child swallows, talks, chews, or drinks acidic juices (eg, orange juice).
Both the left and right parotid glands may be affected, with one side swelling a few days before the other, or only a
Side may swell. In rare cases, mumps will attack other groups of salivary glands instead of the parotid glands. If this
happens, swelling may be found under the tongue, under the jaw, or all the way up to the front of the chest.
Mumps can lead to inflammation and swelling of the brain and other organs, although this is not common. Encephalitis
(Inflammation of the brain) and meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and the spinal cord) are both rare
Complications of mumps. Symptoms may start in the first week after the parotid gland to swell include high
Fever, stiff neck, headache, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, convulsions and other signs of brain involvement.
Mumps in adolescent and adult males can result in the development of orchitis, an inflammation of the testicles.
Usually one testicle becomes swollen and painful about 7-10 days after the parotid glands swell. This is accompanied by a high
Fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain that is sometimes mistaken for appendicitis when
the right testicle is affected.
After 3-7 days, testicular pain and swelling subside, usually at about the same time that the fever passes. In some
Cases involved both testicles. Even with involvement of both testicles, sterility is a rare complication of
Orchitis.
Mumps can additionally on the pancreas or, in women, the ovaries, what about the pain and tenderness in parts
Belly.
In some cases, the signs and symptoms are so mild that no one suspects a mumps infection. Doctors believe that about 1 out of 3
People may have a mumps infection without symptoms.
Contagiousness
The mumps virus is contagious and spreads in tiny drops of fluid from the mouth and nose of someone who is infected. They
may to others through sneezing, coughing, laughing or even passed. The virus can also spread to other people through
direct contact, such as picking up tissues or using drinking glasses that were used by the infected person.
People who have mumps, which are most contagious from 2 days before symptoms begin to 6 days after the end. The virus can also be
spread by people who are infected but have no symptoms.
Prevention
Mumps can be prevented by vaccination. The vaccine is given as part of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunization,
the usually given for children aged 12-15 months. A second dose of MMR is generally administered at 4-6 years.
As is the case with all immunization schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. For example, a
Child, the vaccine should be traveling outside the United States as early as 6 months of age receive.
If they have not already received it, should students attending colleges and other post-high school institutions
be sure they have two doses of the MMR vaccine.
During a measles outbreak, your doctor may recommend additional shots of the vaccine if your child is 1-4 years old.
Your doctor will be the latest information.
Incubation
The incubation period for mumps can be 12-25 days, but the average is 16-18 days.
Time
Children usually recover from mumps in about 10-12 days. It takes about 1 week for the swelling to disappear in each
Parotid gland, but both swollen glands not usually simultaneously.
Treatment
If you think your child has mumps think, call your doctor, who can confirm the diagnosis and to monitor with you
Child and clock for complications. The doctor may also inform the health authorities to keep track of childhood
Immunization programs and mumps outbreaks.
Since Mumps is caused by a virus, it can not be treated with antibiotics.
At home to monitor and keep track of your child's temperature. You can nonaspirin fever medications such as
Acetaminophen or ibuprofen reduce fever. These drugs will also help relieve pain in the swollen parotid gland
Glands. If instructed by the physician, aspirin should not be used in children with viral diseases, since their use in
such cases has been associated with the development of Reye's syndrome, which can lead to liver failure and death.
You can also soothe the swollen parotid glands with either warm or cool packs. Serve a soft, bland diet that does not
require much chewing and encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids. Avoid serving tart or acidic fruit juices
(How orange juice, grapefruit juice or lemonade) that make parotid pain worse. Water, caffeine-free soft drinks and
Tea are better tolerated.
Mumps is the testicles, the doctor may prescribe stronger medication for pain and swelling and provide
How to warm or cool packs are valid for the area and how to provide additional support for the testicles to calm down.
A child with mumps does not need to stay in bed, but can play quietly. Ask your doctor about the best time for your child
go back to school.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if you suspect that your child has mumps. If your child has been diagnosed with mumps, retain its
or her temperature and call the doctor if goes over 101 ° F (38.3 ° C).
Since mumps and around the brain and its membranes, call a doctor immediately if your child has any of these
Symptoms: neck stiffness, convulsions (seizures), extreme drowsiness, severe headache or mental status changes. Pay attention to
Abdominal pain can mean involvement of the pancreas either boys or girls, or involvement of the ovaries in girls.
In boys, watch for high fever with pain and swelling of the testicles.
About mumps
Mumps is a disease which affected many parts of the body through saliva and can carry a virus that usually spreads,
especially the parotid salivary gland. These glands that produce saliva in the mouth, are found in towards the back
each cheek, in the area between the ear and jaw. In cases of mumps swell, these glands typically and painful.
The disease has been known for several centuries, and medical historians argue over whether the name "mumps" comes
from an old word for "lump" or an old word for "mumble."
Mumps was common until the mumps vaccine was licensed in 1967. Before vaccination, more than 200,000 cases occurred per
Year in the United States. Since then, the number of cases has dropped to fewer than 1,000 per year, and epidemics have
quite rare. As in the pre-vaccine era, most cases of mumps are still children aged 5-14, but the proportion of
young adults who became infected is rising slowly over the last two decades. Mumps infections are rare in children
younger than 1 year old.
After a case of mumps it is very unusual to have a second round because of an attack of mumps almost always gives lifelong
Protection against another. But other infections can also cause swelling in the salivary glands could lead to a
Parent to mistakenly think a child had mumps more than once.
Signs and symptoms
Cases of mumps can begin with a high temperature of up to 103 ° F (39.4 ° C), as well as headache and loss of appetite. The well-
known hallmark of mumps is swelling and pain in the parotid gland, so that the child will resemble a hamster with food in its
Cheeks. The glands usually always swollen and painful over a period of 1-3 days. The pain is worse when
the child swallows, talks, chews, or drinks acidic juices (eg, orange juice).
Both the left and right parotid glands may be affected, with one side swelling a few days before the other, or only a
Side may swell. In rare cases, mumps will attack other groups of salivary glands instead of the parotid glands. If this
happens, swelling may be found under the tongue, under the jaw, or all the way up to the front of the chest.
Mumps can lead to inflammation and swelling of the brain and other organs, although this is not common. Encephalitis
(Inflammation of the brain) and meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and the spinal cord) are both rare
Complications of mumps. Symptoms may start in the first week after the parotid gland to swell include high
Fever, stiff neck, headache, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, convulsions and other signs of brain involvement.
Mumps in adolescent and adult males can result in the development of orchitis, an inflammation of the testicles.
Usually one testicle becomes swollen and painful about 7-10 days after the parotid glands swell. This is accompanied by a high
Fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain that is sometimes mistaken for appendicitis when
the right testicle is affected.
After 3-7 days, testicular pain and swelling subside, usually at about the same time that the fever passes. In some
Cases involved both testicles. Even with involvement of both testicles, sterility is a rare complication of
Orchitis.
Mumps can additionally on the pancreas or, in women, the ovaries, what about the pain and tenderness in parts
Belly.
In some cases, the signs and symptoms are so mild that no one suspects a mumps infection. Doctors believe that about 1 out of 3
People may have a mumps infection without symptoms.
Contagiousness
The mumps virus is contagious and spreads in tiny drops of fluid from the mouth and nose of someone who is infected. They
may to others through sneezing, coughing, laughing or even passed. The virus can also spread to other people through
direct contact, such as picking up tissues or using drinking glasses that were used by the infected person.
People who have mumps, which are most contagious from 2 days before symptoms begin to 6 days after the end. The virus can also be
spread by people who are infected but have no symptoms.
Prevention
Mumps can be prevented by vaccination. The vaccine is given as part of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunization,
the usually given for children aged 12-15 months. A second dose of MMR is generally administered at 4-6 years.
As is the case with all immunization schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. For example, a
Child, the vaccine should be traveling outside the United States as early as 6 months of age receive.
If they have not already received it, should students attending colleges and other post-high school institutions
be sure they have two doses of the MMR vaccine.
During a measles outbreak, your doctor may recommend additional shots of the vaccine if your child is 1-4 years old.
Your doctor will be the latest information.
Incubation
The incubation period for mumps can be 12-25 days, but the average is 16-18 days.
Time
Children usually recover from mumps in about 10-12 days. It takes about 1 week for the swelling to disappear in each
Parotid gland, but both swollen glands not usually simultaneously.
Treatment
If you think your child has mumps think, call your doctor, who can confirm the diagnosis and to monitor with you
Child and clock for complications. The doctor may also inform the health authorities to keep track of childhood
Immunization programs and mumps outbreaks.
Since Mumps is caused by a virus, it can not be treated with antibiotics.
At home to monitor and keep track of your child's temperature. You can nonaspirin fever medications such as
Acetaminophen or ibuprofen reduce fever. These drugs will also help relieve pain in the swollen parotid gland
Glands. If instructed by the physician, aspirin should not be used in children with viral diseases, since their use in
such cases has been associated with the development of Reye's syndrome, which can lead to liver failure and death.
You can also soothe the swollen parotid glands with either warm or cool packs. Serve a soft, bland diet that does not
require much chewing and encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids. Avoid serving tart or acidic fruit juices
(How orange juice, grapefruit juice or lemonade) that make parotid pain worse. Water, caffeine-free soft drinks and
Tea are better tolerated.
Mumps is the testicles, the doctor may prescribe stronger medication for pain and swelling and provide
How to warm or cool packs are valid for the area and how to provide additional support for the testicles to calm down.
A child with mumps does not need to stay in bed, but can play quietly. Ask your doctor about the best time for your child
go back to school.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if you suspect that your child has mumps. If your child has been diagnosed with mumps, retain its
or her temperature and call the doctor if goes over 101 ° F (38.3 ° C).
Since mumps and around the brain and its membranes, call a doctor immediately if your child has any of these
Symptoms: neck stiffness, convulsions (seizures), extreme drowsiness, severe headache or mental status changes. Pay attention to
Abdominal pain can mean involvement of the pancreas either boys or girls, or involvement of the ovaries in girls.
In boys, watch for high fever with pain and swelling of the testicles.
mononucleosis
Mononucleosis
What is "mono"?
Children and adolescents with mononucleosis (mono) develop flu-like symptoms, which usually go away on their own after a few weeks
Rest and plenty of fluids.
Mono is usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a very common virus that most children are exposed to at any given time
while growing up. Infants and young children have been infected with EBV usually very mild symptoms or none at all. But young people and
young adults who become infected often develop mono.
Mono is infected through kissing, coughing, sneezing, or contact with the saliva of someone who has to
the virus. (That's how mono got nicknamed "the kissing disease"). It can also be spread by sharing a straw or a
Cutlery. Researchers believe that mono may spread sexually as well.
People who have been infected with EBV will carry the virus for the rest of their lives - even if they never had any
Signs or symptoms of mono. Those who mono symptoms has probably not sick or have symptoms again.
Although EBV is the most common cause of mono, other viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (sye-toe-meh-guh-low-VYE-rus), can
cause a similar disease. Like EBV, cytomegalovirus stays in the body for life and may cause no symptoms.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of mono - such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes (in the neck, armpit, or groin), or unexplained
Tiredness or weakness - can be mistaken for the flu or strep throat.
Other symptoms of mono are:
Headaches
Muscle soreness
swollen tonsils
Rash
Abdominal pain
Kids with mono may have different combinations of these symptoms, while some young people may have symptoms so mild that
they are barely noticeable. Mono symptoms usually go away on their own within 2 to 4 weeks. In some adolescents, although the
Fatigue and weakness can last for months.
To make a diagnosis, the doctor may perform a blood test and a physical examination to check for things like swollen tonsils and
an enlarged liver or spleen, which is often a sign of infection.
Mono and Sports
Doctors usually recommend that children get mono sport for at least a month to avoid after symptoms have disappeared because the
Spleen is usually enlarged temporarily from the disease. An enlarged spleen can rupture easily - an internal
Bleeding, fever and abdominal pain - and require emergency surgery. Vigorous activities, contact sports, weight lifting,
Cheerleading, or even wrestling with siblings or friends should be avoided until your doctor gives the OK to be.
Complications
Most kids who get mono recover without problems, but in rare cases, complications can occur. This can
Problems with the liver or spleen, anemia, meningitis, difficulty breathing, or inflammation of the heart.
Prevention and Treatment
There is no vaccine for the Epstein-Barr virus, but you can try to protect your children from mono, by ensuring that they
Avoid close contact with other children who have it. But sometimes people have the virus without symptoms and can still
give it to others. How to teach your children to wash their hands frequently, and not to share drinks or eating utensils with others
even if they appear to be healthy.
The best treatment for mono is plenty of rest, especially early in the course of the disease when the symptoms are the most
heavier. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help relieve the fever and muscle pain. Remember, never aspirin
Been brought because this child who has a viral illness associated with the development of Reye's syndrome, which can cause
Liver failure and can be fatal.
In most cases, the symptoms of mono go away in a matter of weeks with rest and fluids. When symptoms after
seem to linger, or if you have any questions, talk with your doctor.
What is "mono"?
Children and adolescents with mononucleosis (mono) develop flu-like symptoms, which usually go away on their own after a few weeks
Rest and plenty of fluids.
Mono is usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a very common virus that most children are exposed to at any given time
while growing up. Infants and young children have been infected with EBV usually very mild symptoms or none at all. But young people and
young adults who become infected often develop mono.
Mono is infected through kissing, coughing, sneezing, or contact with the saliva of someone who has to
the virus. (That's how mono got nicknamed "the kissing disease"). It can also be spread by sharing a straw or a
Cutlery. Researchers believe that mono may spread sexually as well.
People who have been infected with EBV will carry the virus for the rest of their lives - even if they never had any
Signs or symptoms of mono. Those who mono symptoms has probably not sick or have symptoms again.
Although EBV is the most common cause of mono, other viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (sye-toe-meh-guh-low-VYE-rus), can
cause a similar disease. Like EBV, cytomegalovirus stays in the body for life and may cause no symptoms.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of mono - such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes (in the neck, armpit, or groin), or unexplained
Tiredness or weakness - can be mistaken for the flu or strep throat.
Other symptoms of mono are:
Headaches
Muscle soreness
swollen tonsils
Rash
Abdominal pain
Kids with mono may have different combinations of these symptoms, while some young people may have symptoms so mild that
they are barely noticeable. Mono symptoms usually go away on their own within 2 to 4 weeks. In some adolescents, although the
Fatigue and weakness can last for months.
To make a diagnosis, the doctor may perform a blood test and a physical examination to check for things like swollen tonsils and
an enlarged liver or spleen, which is often a sign of infection.
Mono and Sports
Doctors usually recommend that children get mono sport for at least a month to avoid after symptoms have disappeared because the
Spleen is usually enlarged temporarily from the disease. An enlarged spleen can rupture easily - an internal
Bleeding, fever and abdominal pain - and require emergency surgery. Vigorous activities, contact sports, weight lifting,
Cheerleading, or even wrestling with siblings or friends should be avoided until your doctor gives the OK to be.
Complications
Most kids who get mono recover without problems, but in rare cases, complications can occur. This can
Problems with the liver or spleen, anemia, meningitis, difficulty breathing, or inflammation of the heart.
Prevention and Treatment
There is no vaccine for the Epstein-Barr virus, but you can try to protect your children from mono, by ensuring that they
Avoid close contact with other children who have it. But sometimes people have the virus without symptoms and can still
give it to others. How to teach your children to wash their hands frequently, and not to share drinks or eating utensils with others
even if they appear to be healthy.
The best treatment for mono is plenty of rest, especially early in the course of the disease when the symptoms are the most
heavier. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help relieve the fever and muscle pain. Remember, never aspirin
Been brought because this child who has a viral illness associated with the development of Reye's syndrome, which can cause
Liver failure and can be fatal.
In most cases, the symptoms of mono go away in a matter of weeks with rest and fluids. When symptoms after
seem to linger, or if you have any questions, talk with your doctor.
Middle ear infections
Middle ear infections
A close look at the ear
In addition to the common cold, ear infections are the most commonly diagnosed childhood illness in the United States. About
3 out of 4 children have at least one ear infection by the time they had reached 3 years.
To understand how to develop ear infections, we want to check how the ear works.
Think about how you feel speakers vibrate as you listen to your favorite CD in the car or how you feel neck
vibrate when you speak. Clay, which is made from invisible waves of energy, causes these oscillations. Each time you
hear a tone to the various structures of the ear to work together to ensure that the information gets to the brain.
The ear is responsible for hearing and balance disorders and consists of three parts - the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.
Hearing begins when sound waves that travel through the air around the outer ear or pinna, which will reach the part of the ear
is visible. The sound waves then travel from the pinna through the ear canal into the middle ear, which includes the
Tympanic membrane (a thin layer of tissue), and three bones called ossicles minute. When the eardrum vibrates, the ossicles amplify
these vibrations and carry them to the inner ear.
The inner ear transmits the oscillations into electrical signals, and sends it connects to the auditory nerve to which the
Brain. When these nerve impulses reach the brain, they are interpreted as sound.
The Eustachian tube
To function properly, the middle ear must be the same pressure as the outside world. This is taken care by the
Tube, a small passage that the middle ear to the back of the throat behind the nose.
By adding air to reach the middle ear, eustachian tube similar to the air pressure in the middle ear to the outside air
Pressure. (When your ears "pop" while yawning or swallowing, the tubes are adjusting the air pressure in your
Middle ears.) The Eustachian tube allows for drainage of mucus from the middle ear into the throat.
Sometimes, the Eustachian tube malfunction. For example, if someone has a cold or an allergy, the nose, the
Passages may be blocked eustachian tube congestion in its lining or by mucus in the tube. This blockade
allows fluid to build up in the normally air-filled middle ear.
Bacteria or viruses that enter through the tube and catch the middle ear that. This
Germs can breed in the trapped fluid, eventually causing an ear infection.
About middle ear infections
Inflammation of the middle ear area known as otitis media. Probably when referring to an ear infection, doctors
mean "acute otitis media" rather than the common ear infection called swimmer's ear or otitis externa.
Acute otitis media is the presence of fluid, typically pus in the middle ear with symptoms of pain, redness of the
Tympanic membrane and possible fever.
Other forms of more chronic otitis media are either (in the middle ear fluid of 6 weeks or more), or the fluid in the
Middle ear is temporary and not necessarily infected (called otitis media with effusion).
Doctors try to distinguish between the different forms of otitis because this. Treatment options to Not all forms of
Otitis should be treated with antibiotics.
Causes
Children develop ear infections more common in the first 2-4 years of life for several reasons:
The tubes are shorter and more horizontal than those of adults, which allows bacteria and viruses to find
their way easily into the middle ear. Your tubes are also narrower and less stiff, which it more susceptible to
Blockade.
The polyps that gland structures in the back of the upper neck is arranged in the vicinity of the tube,
big kids interfere in and with the opening of the tubes.
A number of other factors can contribute to children getting ear infections, such as exposure to cigarette smoke, bottle-
Feeding and day care attendance.
Ear infections are also more common in boys than in girls, in children whose families have a history of ear infections, and
during the winter season when upper respiratory infections or colds are frequent.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of acute otitis media may range from very mild to severe:
The fluid in the middle ear may push on the eardrum, causing ear pain. An older child may complain of an earache, but a
younger child may tug at the ear or simply act irritable and cry more than usual.
Lying down, chewing, sucking, and can also cause painful pressure changes in the middle ear so a child may eat less than
normal or have trouble sleeping.
When the pressure of the fluid accumulation is high enough, it can rupture the eardrum, causing drainage
Fluid from the ear. This is the pressure behind the eardrum, usually bringing relief from the pain.
Signs of hearing loss
Accumulation of fluid in the middle ear also blocks sound, which can lead to temporary hearing loss. A child can:
not respond to soft sounds
Turn off the TV or the radio
speak up
appear to be inattentive at school
Other symptoms of acute otitis media may include:
Fever
Morning sickness
Throw up
Dizziness
However, otitis media with effusion often has no symptoms. In some children, the liquid, which is in the middle ear create
Feeling of ear fullness or "popping". Such as acute otitis media, the fluid behind the tympanic membrane can block tone, mild
temporary hearing loss can happen, but might not be obvious.
Ear infections are also frequently associated with infections of the upper respiratory tract and therefore with their common
Signs and symptoms such as a runny or stuffy nose or cough.
Contagiousness
Ear infections are not contagious, but the cold, which can lead to can be.
Time
Middle ear infections often go away on their own in 2 or 3 days, even without specific treatment. If your doctor
decides to prescribe antibiotics, a 10-day course is usually recommended.
For children 6 years and older with mild to moderate infection, a shortened course of antibiotics (5-7 days)
be appropriate.
However, after the treatment with antibiotics for one episode of acute otitis media, fluid can remain in the middle ear to
several months.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A child who could have an ear infection should consult a doctor should be able to make a diagnosis by a medical
History and doing a physical examination.
To examine the ear, doctors use an otoscope, a small instrument similar to a flashlight through which they can see the
Eardrum.
There is no single best approach for treating all middle ear infections. When deciding how to manage your child's ear
Infection, the doctor will consider many factors, including:
the nature and severity of the ear infection
how often your child has ear infections
how long it took this infection
Age of your children
Risk factors can have your child
whether the infection affects your child's hearing
The fact that most ear infections clear on their own has led a number of associations doctor to recommend a
"Wait-and-see" approach, which involves giving the child pain relief without antibiotics for a few days.
Another important reason to consider this type of approach are the limitations of antibiotics:
will not help an infection caused by a virus
not eliminate middle ear fluid
can cause side effects
not usually relieve pain within the first 24 hours and have only a minimal effect that after
In addition, frequent use of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can be much more
difficult to treat.
If antibiotics are required
However, children who get a lot of ear infections, antibiotics are prescribed by their doctor every day, to prevent future
Infections. And younger children or those with more severe disease may require antibiotics from the start.
The "wait-and-see" approach could not also for children with other concerns such as cleft palate, genetic
Diseases such as Down syndrome, underlying conditions such as disorders of the immune system or a history of recurrent acute
Otitis media.
Children with persistent otitis media with effusion (more than 3 months) should be re-examined periodically (every 3
to 6 months) by their doctors. Often these children are not treated.
Whether the choice is made to treat with antibiotics, you can help reduce the symptoms of an ear infection by reducing
with acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain and fever, as needed. Your doctor may also recommend using pain-relieving
Ear drops, as long as the tympanic membrane is not broken.
But certain children as they had persistent hearing loss or speech delay, may require ear tube surgery. In some
Cases, an ear, nose and throat doctor surgically inserting tubes (called tympanostomy tubes) reflected in the
Eardrum. This allows fluid to drain from the middle ear and helps balance of pressure in the ear, as the
Eustachian tube is able.
Prevention
Some factors that are associated with the development of ear infections can not be changed (such as family history of frequent ear
Infections), but certain lifestyle can reduce the risk for children:
To help babies breastfeed for at least 6 months, to prevent the development of the early episodes of ear infections. If a
Bottle-fed child, keep the child at an angle instead of the child to lie down with the bottle.
Avoidance of exposure to tobacco smoke, which can increase the frequency and severity of ear infections
Reduce exposure, if possible, to large groups of other children, as in day-care centers. Because multiple upper
Respiratory infections can also lead to frequent ear infections, limiting exposure can result in less frequent colds
detected early and therefore less ear infections.
Parents and children should practice good hand washing. This is one of the most important ways to reduce human
Human transmission of germs that can cause colds and therefore ear infections.
keep children vaccinations up-to-date, because certain vaccines can prevent ear infections
Also be aware that research has shown that cold and allergy medications such as antihistamines and decongestants, not
helpful in preventing ear infections.
When to call the doctor
To lead although very rare, ear infections that do not go away or severe repeated middle ear infections can
Complications, including spread of the infection to nearby bones. So children with ear pain or a feeling of fullness in the
Ear, especially when combined with fever, should be evaluated by their physicians if they are not improved.
Other conditions may also result in earache, as teething, a foreign body in the ear, or hard earwax. Ask your
Physician to determine the cause of the symptoms and how to treat it.
A close look at the ear
In addition to the common cold, ear infections are the most commonly diagnosed childhood illness in the United States. About
3 out of 4 children have at least one ear infection by the time they had reached 3 years.
To understand how to develop ear infections, we want to check how the ear works.
Think about how you feel speakers vibrate as you listen to your favorite CD in the car or how you feel neck
vibrate when you speak. Clay, which is made from invisible waves of energy, causes these oscillations. Each time you
hear a tone to the various structures of the ear to work together to ensure that the information gets to the brain.
The ear is responsible for hearing and balance disorders and consists of three parts - the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.
Hearing begins when sound waves that travel through the air around the outer ear or pinna, which will reach the part of the ear
is visible. The sound waves then travel from the pinna through the ear canal into the middle ear, which includes the
Tympanic membrane (a thin layer of tissue), and three bones called ossicles minute. When the eardrum vibrates, the ossicles amplify
these vibrations and carry them to the inner ear.
The inner ear transmits the oscillations into electrical signals, and sends it connects to the auditory nerve to which the
Brain. When these nerve impulses reach the brain, they are interpreted as sound.
The Eustachian tube
To function properly, the middle ear must be the same pressure as the outside world. This is taken care by the
Tube, a small passage that the middle ear to the back of the throat behind the nose.
By adding air to reach the middle ear, eustachian tube similar to the air pressure in the middle ear to the outside air
Pressure. (When your ears "pop" while yawning or swallowing, the tubes are adjusting the air pressure in your
Middle ears.) The Eustachian tube allows for drainage of mucus from the middle ear into the throat.
Sometimes, the Eustachian tube malfunction. For example, if someone has a cold or an allergy, the nose, the
Passages may be blocked eustachian tube congestion in its lining or by mucus in the tube. This blockade
allows fluid to build up in the normally air-filled middle ear.
Bacteria or viruses that enter through the tube and catch the middle ear that. This
Germs can breed in the trapped fluid, eventually causing an ear infection.
About middle ear infections
Inflammation of the middle ear area known as otitis media. Probably when referring to an ear infection, doctors
mean "acute otitis media" rather than the common ear infection called swimmer's ear or otitis externa.
Acute otitis media is the presence of fluid, typically pus in the middle ear with symptoms of pain, redness of the
Tympanic membrane and possible fever.
Other forms of more chronic otitis media are either (in the middle ear fluid of 6 weeks or more), or the fluid in the
Middle ear is temporary and not necessarily infected (called otitis media with effusion).
Doctors try to distinguish between the different forms of otitis because this. Treatment options to Not all forms of
Otitis should be treated with antibiotics.
Causes
Children develop ear infections more common in the first 2-4 years of life for several reasons:
The tubes are shorter and more horizontal than those of adults, which allows bacteria and viruses to find
their way easily into the middle ear. Your tubes are also narrower and less stiff, which it more susceptible to
Blockade.
The polyps that gland structures in the back of the upper neck is arranged in the vicinity of the tube,
big kids interfere in and with the opening of the tubes.
A number of other factors can contribute to children getting ear infections, such as exposure to cigarette smoke, bottle-
Feeding and day care attendance.
Ear infections are also more common in boys than in girls, in children whose families have a history of ear infections, and
during the winter season when upper respiratory infections or colds are frequent.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of acute otitis media may range from very mild to severe:
The fluid in the middle ear may push on the eardrum, causing ear pain. An older child may complain of an earache, but a
younger child may tug at the ear or simply act irritable and cry more than usual.
Lying down, chewing, sucking, and can also cause painful pressure changes in the middle ear so a child may eat less than
normal or have trouble sleeping.
When the pressure of the fluid accumulation is high enough, it can rupture the eardrum, causing drainage
Fluid from the ear. This is the pressure behind the eardrum, usually bringing relief from the pain.
Signs of hearing loss
Accumulation of fluid in the middle ear also blocks sound, which can lead to temporary hearing loss. A child can:
not respond to soft sounds
Turn off the TV or the radio
speak up
appear to be inattentive at school
Other symptoms of acute otitis media may include:
Fever
Morning sickness
Throw up
Dizziness
However, otitis media with effusion often has no symptoms. In some children, the liquid, which is in the middle ear create
Feeling of ear fullness or "popping". Such as acute otitis media, the fluid behind the tympanic membrane can block tone, mild
temporary hearing loss can happen, but might not be obvious.
Ear infections are also frequently associated with infections of the upper respiratory tract and therefore with their common
Signs and symptoms such as a runny or stuffy nose or cough.
Contagiousness
Ear infections are not contagious, but the cold, which can lead to can be.
Time
Middle ear infections often go away on their own in 2 or 3 days, even without specific treatment. If your doctor
decides to prescribe antibiotics, a 10-day course is usually recommended.
For children 6 years and older with mild to moderate infection, a shortened course of antibiotics (5-7 days)
be appropriate.
However, after the treatment with antibiotics for one episode of acute otitis media, fluid can remain in the middle ear to
several months.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A child who could have an ear infection should consult a doctor should be able to make a diagnosis by a medical
History and doing a physical examination.
To examine the ear, doctors use an otoscope, a small instrument similar to a flashlight through which they can see the
Eardrum.
There is no single best approach for treating all middle ear infections. When deciding how to manage your child's ear
Infection, the doctor will consider many factors, including:
the nature and severity of the ear infection
how often your child has ear infections
how long it took this infection
Age of your children
Risk factors can have your child
whether the infection affects your child's hearing
The fact that most ear infections clear on their own has led a number of associations doctor to recommend a
"Wait-and-see" approach, which involves giving the child pain relief without antibiotics for a few days.
Another important reason to consider this type of approach are the limitations of antibiotics:
will not help an infection caused by a virus
not eliminate middle ear fluid
can cause side effects
not usually relieve pain within the first 24 hours and have only a minimal effect that after
In addition, frequent use of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can be much more
difficult to treat.
If antibiotics are required
However, children who get a lot of ear infections, antibiotics are prescribed by their doctor every day, to prevent future
Infections. And younger children or those with more severe disease may require antibiotics from the start.
The "wait-and-see" approach could not also for children with other concerns such as cleft palate, genetic
Diseases such as Down syndrome, underlying conditions such as disorders of the immune system or a history of recurrent acute
Otitis media.
Children with persistent otitis media with effusion (more than 3 months) should be re-examined periodically (every 3
to 6 months) by their doctors. Often these children are not treated.
Whether the choice is made to treat with antibiotics, you can help reduce the symptoms of an ear infection by reducing
with acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain and fever, as needed. Your doctor may also recommend using pain-relieving
Ear drops, as long as the tympanic membrane is not broken.
But certain children as they had persistent hearing loss or speech delay, may require ear tube surgery. In some
Cases, an ear, nose and throat doctor surgically inserting tubes (called tympanostomy tubes) reflected in the
Eardrum. This allows fluid to drain from the middle ear and helps balance of pressure in the ear, as the
Eustachian tube is able.
Prevention
Some factors that are associated with the development of ear infections can not be changed (such as family history of frequent ear
Infections), but certain lifestyle can reduce the risk for children:
To help babies breastfeed for at least 6 months, to prevent the development of the early episodes of ear infections. If a
Bottle-fed child, keep the child at an angle instead of the child to lie down with the bottle.
Avoidance of exposure to tobacco smoke, which can increase the frequency and severity of ear infections
Reduce exposure, if possible, to large groups of other children, as in day-care centers. Because multiple upper
Respiratory infections can also lead to frequent ear infections, limiting exposure can result in less frequent colds
detected early and therefore less ear infections.
Parents and children should practice good hand washing. This is one of the most important ways to reduce human
Human transmission of germs that can cause colds and therefore ear infections.
keep children vaccinations up-to-date, because certain vaccines can prevent ear infections
Also be aware that research has shown that cold and allergy medications such as antihistamines and decongestants, not
helpful in preventing ear infections.
When to call the doctor
To lead although very rare, ear infections that do not go away or severe repeated middle ear infections can
Complications, including spread of the infection to nearby bones. So children with ear pain or a feeling of fullness in the
Ear, especially when combined with fever, should be evaluated by their physicians if they are not improved.
Other conditions may also result in earache, as teething, a foreign body in the ear, or hard earwax. Ask your
Physician to determine the cause of the symptoms and how to treat it.
measles
Measles
About Measles
Measles, also called rubeola, is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by a virus. It causes a total-
Body skin rash and flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough and runny nose. Although rare in the United States, 20
Million cases occur each year worldwide.
Measles as is caused by a virus, there is no specific medical treatment and the virus its course. But a
Child who is sick should be sure to get plenty of fluids and rest, and the spread of infection are kept up to date
other.
Signs and symptoms
While measles is probably best known for its full-body rash, the first symptoms of the infection are usually a hacking
Cough, runny nose, high fever, and red eyes. A characteristic feature of measles are Koplik's spots, small red spots with
blue-white centers that appear inside the mouth.
The measles rash typically has a red or reddish brown blotchy appearance, and first usually shows up on the forehead,
then spreads downward over the face, neck and body, then down to the arms and feet.
Measles is highly contagious - 90% of people who have not been vaccinated against measles will get it if they live in the
same household as an infected person. Measles is spread when someone comes into direct contact with infected droplets or
when someone with measles sneezes or coughs and spreads virus droplets through the air.
A person with measles is contagious 1-2 days before symptoms start until about 4 days after the rash appears.
Recent outbreaks
Measles is very rare in the United States. Because of widespread vaccination, the number of U.S. measles cases has declined
in the last 50 years. Before measles vaccine was available in the 1960s, more than 500,000 cases of measles
reported each year. From 2000 to 2007, only an average of 63 cases per year were reported.
However, in 2008 the United States saw an increase in measles cases and outbreaks (three or more linked cases), with 131
reported cases from January to July. More than 90% of those infected had not been vaccinated or whose vaccination status
was unknown.
The most important thing you can do to protect children against measles, have them vaccinated according to the schedule
prescribed by your doctor.
acterial and viral types
Many different types of bacteria, bacterial meningitis. In newborns, the most common causes are group B
Streptococci, Escherichia coli, and less frequently, Listeria monocytogenes. In older children, Streptococcus pneumoniae
(Pneumococcus) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) are often the causes.
Other bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), can also cause the disease, but because of widespread childhood
Immunization, these cases are now rare.
Similarly, many different viruses cause viral meningitis, including enteroviruses (such as coxsackievirus and
Polio virus) and herpes virus.
Symptoms of meningitis
Meningitis Symptoms vary depending both on the age of the patient and the cause of the infection. Because the flu-like
Symptoms may include both types of meningitis, especially in the initial phase, and bacterial meningitis may
very serious, it is important to quickly diagnose an infection.
The first symptoms of bacterial or viral meningitis can come on quickly or surface water for several days after a child has had a
Cold and runny nose, diarrhea, vomiting, or other signs of infection. Common symptoms are:
Fever
Lethargy (decreased consciousness)
Excitability
Headaches
Photophobia (eye sensitivity to light)
stiff neck
Rashes
Seizures
Meningitis in infants
Children with meningitis can not these symptoms, and may just extremely irritable, lethargic, or have a fever.
It can be difficult to comfort, even if they took and shook.
Other symptoms of meningitis in infants may include:
Jaundice (a yellowish tint to the skin)
Rigidity of the body and neck (neck stiffness)
Fever or lower than normal temperature
poor diet
a weak suck
a shrill cry
bulging fontanelle (the soft spot on the top / front of the baby's skull)
Viral meningitis tends to cause flu-like symptoms such as fever and runny nose, and can be so mild that the disease is
diagnosed. Most cases of viral meningitis resolve completely within 7 to 10 days, without complications or need
Treatment.
Treatment
Because bacterial meningitis can be as serious, if you suspect your child has any form of meningitis, it is important
, See the doctor immediately.
If meningitis is suspected, the doctor will order laboratory tests to assist the diagnosis, probably including a
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect a sample of spinal fluid. This test shows no evidence of inflammation, and
whether a virus or bacteria causing the infection.
A child who has viral meningitis, can be admitted to the hospital, although some children are allowed to recover at home if they do not
too sick. Treatment, including rest is, fluids and over-the-counter painkillers, given to relieve the symptoms.
If bacterial meningitis is diagnosed - or even suspected - doctors intravenous (IV) antibiotics once begin
possible. Liquids can be given to replace the lost fever, sweating, vomiting and loss of appetite, and corticosteroids
can help reduce inflammation of the meninges, depending on the cause of the disease.
Possible complications
Complications of bacterial meningitis may require additional treatment. For example, could be given for anticonvulsants
Seizures. If a child develops shock or low blood pressure, additional infusions and certain medications can be given
Increase blood pressure. Some children require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation, if you have difficulty
Breathing.
Some patients who have meningitis may require more follow-up. One of the common problems of
Bacterial meningitis is impaired hearing, and children who have had bacterial meningitis should have a hearing test after
their recovery.
The complications of bacterial meningitis can be severe and include neurological problems such as hearing loss, visual
Impairment, seizures, and learning disabilities. The heart, kidneys and adrenal glands may also be affected, depending
the cause of the infection. Although some children develop permanent neurological problems, most, to get the command prompt,
Diagnosis and treatment recover fully.
How does meningitis spread?
To distribute earnings of infections are contagious via tiny drops - Most cases of meningitis - both viral and bacterial
is infected fluid from the throat and nose of a human. The drops can be in the air when the person coughs,
laughs, sneezes or speaks. Then can infect others when people breathe in or touch the drops and then touch
their own noses or mouths.
Sharing food, drinking glasses, cutlery, tissues or towels can transfer any infection as well. Some infectious diseases
Organisms, by a person to spread the stool, and someone who is in contact with the chair - like kids in daycare
- Can pull together the infection.
Infections most often between people who spread in close contact, such as those who live together, or people who
exposed through kissing or sharing eating utensils. Casual contact at school or work with someone who has one of them
Infections usually do not transmit the pathogen.
Prevention
Routine immunization can go a long way toward preventing meningitis. The vaccines against Hib, measles, mumps, polio,
Meningococcal, pneumococcal and can protect against meningitis due to these microorganisms.
Doctors now recommend that children 11 years old meningococcal vaccine, with a booster shot at the age
16th The vaccine is quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine, or MCV4 called. Children who were not the vaccine and 11 are
Years old should also be immunized, especially if they go to school, school settings, storage or other
where they are going to live in close quarters with others.
The vaccine can also for children from 6 weeks to 10 years, certain high-risk medical devices have to be recommended
Problems, and for people who travel to countries where meningitis is common.
Many of the bacteria and viruses responsible for meningitis are fairly common, so good hygiene is an important way to
To prevent infection. Encourage children to wash their hands thoroughly and often, especially before eating and after using
the bath. Avoid close contact with someone who is obviously ill and not sharing food, drinks, or eating utensils is
can help stop the spread of germs as well.
In some cases, doctors prescribe antibiotics can to give everyone who is in close contact with the person who is ill, to help since
prevent additional infections.
When to call the doctor
Seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that your child has meningitis or symptoms such as vomiting, headache,
Lethargy or confusion, neck stiffness, rash, and fever. Infants who have fever, irritability, poor feeding and lethargy
should also be evaluated by a doctor immediately.
If your child has contact with someone, meningitis (for example in a daycare or a student) had
call your doctor whether preventive medication recommended.
About Measles
Measles, also called rubeola, is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by a virus. It causes a total-
Body skin rash and flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough and runny nose. Although rare in the United States, 20
Million cases occur each year worldwide.
Measles as is caused by a virus, there is no specific medical treatment and the virus its course. But a
Child who is sick should be sure to get plenty of fluids and rest, and the spread of infection are kept up to date
other.
Signs and symptoms
While measles is probably best known for its full-body rash, the first symptoms of the infection are usually a hacking
Cough, runny nose, high fever, and red eyes. A characteristic feature of measles are Koplik's spots, small red spots with
blue-white centers that appear inside the mouth.
The measles rash typically has a red or reddish brown blotchy appearance, and first usually shows up on the forehead,
then spreads downward over the face, neck and body, then down to the arms and feet.
Measles is highly contagious - 90% of people who have not been vaccinated against measles will get it if they live in the
same household as an infected person. Measles is spread when someone comes into direct contact with infected droplets or
when someone with measles sneezes or coughs and spreads virus droplets through the air.
A person with measles is contagious 1-2 days before symptoms start until about 4 days after the rash appears.
Recent outbreaks
Measles is very rare in the United States. Because of widespread vaccination, the number of U.S. measles cases has declined
in the last 50 years. Before measles vaccine was available in the 1960s, more than 500,000 cases of measles
reported each year. From 2000 to 2007, only an average of 63 cases per year were reported.
However, in 2008 the United States saw an increase in measles cases and outbreaks (three or more linked cases), with 131
reported cases from January to July. More than 90% of those infected had not been vaccinated or whose vaccination status
was unknown.
The most important thing you can do to protect children against measles, have them vaccinated according to the schedule
prescribed by your doctor.
acterial and viral types
Many different types of bacteria, bacterial meningitis. In newborns, the most common causes are group B
Streptococci, Escherichia coli, and less frequently, Listeria monocytogenes. In older children, Streptococcus pneumoniae
(Pneumococcus) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) are often the causes.
Other bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), can also cause the disease, but because of widespread childhood
Immunization, these cases are now rare.
Similarly, many different viruses cause viral meningitis, including enteroviruses (such as coxsackievirus and
Polio virus) and herpes virus.
Symptoms of meningitis
Meningitis Symptoms vary depending both on the age of the patient and the cause of the infection. Because the flu-like
Symptoms may include both types of meningitis, especially in the initial phase, and bacterial meningitis may
very serious, it is important to quickly diagnose an infection.
The first symptoms of bacterial or viral meningitis can come on quickly or surface water for several days after a child has had a
Cold and runny nose, diarrhea, vomiting, or other signs of infection. Common symptoms are:
Fever
Lethargy (decreased consciousness)
Excitability
Headaches
Photophobia (eye sensitivity to light)
stiff neck
Rashes
Seizures
Meningitis in infants
Children with meningitis can not these symptoms, and may just extremely irritable, lethargic, or have a fever.
It can be difficult to comfort, even if they took and shook.
Other symptoms of meningitis in infants may include:
Jaundice (a yellowish tint to the skin)
Rigidity of the body and neck (neck stiffness)
Fever or lower than normal temperature
poor diet
a weak suck
a shrill cry
bulging fontanelle (the soft spot on the top / front of the baby's skull)
Viral meningitis tends to cause flu-like symptoms such as fever and runny nose, and can be so mild that the disease is
diagnosed. Most cases of viral meningitis resolve completely within 7 to 10 days, without complications or need
Treatment.
Treatment
Because bacterial meningitis can be as serious, if you suspect your child has any form of meningitis, it is important
, See the doctor immediately.
If meningitis is suspected, the doctor will order laboratory tests to assist the diagnosis, probably including a
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect a sample of spinal fluid. This test shows no evidence of inflammation, and
whether a virus or bacteria causing the infection.
A child who has viral meningitis, can be admitted to the hospital, although some children are allowed to recover at home if they do not
too sick. Treatment, including rest is, fluids and over-the-counter painkillers, given to relieve the symptoms.
If bacterial meningitis is diagnosed - or even suspected - doctors intravenous (IV) antibiotics once begin
possible. Liquids can be given to replace the lost fever, sweating, vomiting and loss of appetite, and corticosteroids
can help reduce inflammation of the meninges, depending on the cause of the disease.
Possible complications
Complications of bacterial meningitis may require additional treatment. For example, could be given for anticonvulsants
Seizures. If a child develops shock or low blood pressure, additional infusions and certain medications can be given
Increase blood pressure. Some children require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation, if you have difficulty
Breathing.
Some patients who have meningitis may require more follow-up. One of the common problems of
Bacterial meningitis is impaired hearing, and children who have had bacterial meningitis should have a hearing test after
their recovery.
The complications of bacterial meningitis can be severe and include neurological problems such as hearing loss, visual
Impairment, seizures, and learning disabilities. The heart, kidneys and adrenal glands may also be affected, depending
the cause of the infection. Although some children develop permanent neurological problems, most, to get the command prompt,
Diagnosis and treatment recover fully.
How does meningitis spread?
To distribute earnings of infections are contagious via tiny drops - Most cases of meningitis - both viral and bacterial
is infected fluid from the throat and nose of a human. The drops can be in the air when the person coughs,
laughs, sneezes or speaks. Then can infect others when people breathe in or touch the drops and then touch
their own noses or mouths.
Sharing food, drinking glasses, cutlery, tissues or towels can transfer any infection as well. Some infectious diseases
Organisms, by a person to spread the stool, and someone who is in contact with the chair - like kids in daycare
- Can pull together the infection.
Infections most often between people who spread in close contact, such as those who live together, or people who
exposed through kissing or sharing eating utensils. Casual contact at school or work with someone who has one of them
Infections usually do not transmit the pathogen.
Prevention
Routine immunization can go a long way toward preventing meningitis. The vaccines against Hib, measles, mumps, polio,
Meningococcal, pneumococcal and can protect against meningitis due to these microorganisms.
Doctors now recommend that children 11 years old meningococcal vaccine, with a booster shot at the age
16th The vaccine is quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine, or MCV4 called. Children who were not the vaccine and 11 are
Years old should also be immunized, especially if they go to school, school settings, storage or other
where they are going to live in close quarters with others.
The vaccine can also for children from 6 weeks to 10 years, certain high-risk medical devices have to be recommended
Problems, and for people who travel to countries where meningitis is common.
Many of the bacteria and viruses responsible for meningitis are fairly common, so good hygiene is an important way to
To prevent infection. Encourage children to wash their hands thoroughly and often, especially before eating and after using
the bath. Avoid close contact with someone who is obviously ill and not sharing food, drinks, or eating utensils is
can help stop the spread of germs as well.
In some cases, doctors prescribe antibiotics can to give everyone who is in close contact with the person who is ill, to help since
prevent additional infections.
When to call the doctor
Seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that your child has meningitis or symptoms such as vomiting, headache,
Lethargy or confusion, neck stiffness, rash, and fever. Infants who have fever, irritability, poor feeding and lethargy
should also be evaluated by a doctor immediately.
If your child has contact with someone, meningitis (for example in a daycare or a student) had
call your doctor whether preventive medication recommended.
Mad Cow Disease
Mad Cow Disease
About Mad Cow Disease
Mad cow disease. Making the headlines in recent years During a serious illness, it primarily affects cattle and
possibly other animals, such as goats and sheep. The medical name for mad cow disease BSE,
BSE or short.
BSE is a fatal incurable brain disease. It's called mad cow disease because it affects a cow's nervous system, causing
the animal to act strangely and lose control of their ability to ordinary things, how to do foot.
Only certain animals to BSE - people do not really get mad cow disease. However, experts have found a link between
BSE and a rare disease of the human brain called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is concerned. Researchers believe
that people who eat the products from cows that have BSE, are at risk of developing vCJD.
vCJD caused by a disturbance of the activity of the protein in the brain as a prion. When people have vCJD, cells die in the brain
until finally the brain has a "spongy" appearance. During this time, people with the disease gradually lose
Control of their mental and physical abilities.
To date, very few people have been diagnosed with the form of vCJD. By October 2009, only 217 cases of this rare
Condition had been reported worldwide. Most of them have been identified in the UK. Some of the people diagnosed with
the disease outside Britain - including two cases in the United States - a history of exposure in the UK.
Is it contagious?
Since the form of vCJD, the mad cow disease has been linked relatively new and extremely rare, experts are still
Learn about them. However, the researchers believe that the disease is not contagious among people - in other words,
can not get from someone else who has vCJD. There were a few cases of vCJD who have been probably
transmitted by blood transfusions. Currently, it seems that the main way people the disease by eating
contaminated meat.
Experts do not yet know exactly how long is the incubation period for CJD (in other words, how long does it take from the time
a person it takes place at the time that symptoms appear). However, they believe that it takes years, if not decades,
from the time someone gets the disease until the first symptoms occur. Once they do, the brain can deteriorate into a
Year. There is no known cure for the disease at this time.
What will you do about it
BSE does not naturally spread from cow to cow, it's probably by feeding cows animal meal to be transferred. However, the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a "feed" rule in 1997 prohibiting the feeding of most proteins
was fed to ruminant mammals (like cows, sheep, and goats) that what was thought to have started making the
BSE epidemic in the UK.
The type of protein that causes mad cow disease can not be removed or destroyed when cooked or processed beef. To
Therefore, the U.S. government has established several procedures to protect the public. One of these involves the removal of
Parts of the cow that are at the highest risk of BSE-causing proteins - to decrease - the brain and spinal cord
the chances of contamination of the meat people eat.
In 2009, the FDA has taken additional security measures to protect consumers against BSE. These prohibit the use of a
High risk cattle materials in the feed for each animal. In this way, goes the FDA, the already small decrease
Possibility of infection with BSE.
In addition, there is a system to be tested in the sample of animals. This is a way to prevent the contaminated meat
from reaching the shelves. The test system helped officials identify some contaminated meat in Washington State in
December 2003 - one of only three cases of mad cow disease found in the United States so far. The government also has a
recall policy in place for meat that is suspected of being contaminated.
If you are wondering if you are able to vCJD from cow's milk, the FDA says there is no evidence that the disease can
transmitted through milk and milk products. It is also very unlikely that a person is to contract CJD from
Consumption of beef.
vCJD itself is quite rare - there were only three people to die in the United States from the disease. And because
the control measures now in a position to the chance that you or someone in your family eating meat infected with BSE
extremely low.
About Mad Cow Disease
Mad cow disease. Making the headlines in recent years During a serious illness, it primarily affects cattle and
possibly other animals, such as goats and sheep. The medical name for mad cow disease BSE,
BSE or short.
BSE is a fatal incurable brain disease. It's called mad cow disease because it affects a cow's nervous system, causing
the animal to act strangely and lose control of their ability to ordinary things, how to do foot.
Only certain animals to BSE - people do not really get mad cow disease. However, experts have found a link between
BSE and a rare disease of the human brain called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is concerned. Researchers believe
that people who eat the products from cows that have BSE, are at risk of developing vCJD.
vCJD caused by a disturbance of the activity of the protein in the brain as a prion. When people have vCJD, cells die in the brain
until finally the brain has a "spongy" appearance. During this time, people with the disease gradually lose
Control of their mental and physical abilities.
To date, very few people have been diagnosed with the form of vCJD. By October 2009, only 217 cases of this rare
Condition had been reported worldwide. Most of them have been identified in the UK. Some of the people diagnosed with
the disease outside Britain - including two cases in the United States - a history of exposure in the UK.
Is it contagious?
Since the form of vCJD, the mad cow disease has been linked relatively new and extremely rare, experts are still
Learn about them. However, the researchers believe that the disease is not contagious among people - in other words,
can not get from someone else who has vCJD. There were a few cases of vCJD who have been probably
transmitted by blood transfusions. Currently, it seems that the main way people the disease by eating
contaminated meat.
Experts do not yet know exactly how long is the incubation period for CJD (in other words, how long does it take from the time
a person it takes place at the time that symptoms appear). However, they believe that it takes years, if not decades,
from the time someone gets the disease until the first symptoms occur. Once they do, the brain can deteriorate into a
Year. There is no known cure for the disease at this time.
What will you do about it
BSE does not naturally spread from cow to cow, it's probably by feeding cows animal meal to be transferred. However, the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a "feed" rule in 1997 prohibiting the feeding of most proteins
was fed to ruminant mammals (like cows, sheep, and goats) that what was thought to have started making the
BSE epidemic in the UK.
The type of protein that causes mad cow disease can not be removed or destroyed when cooked or processed beef. To
Therefore, the U.S. government has established several procedures to protect the public. One of these involves the removal of
Parts of the cow that are at the highest risk of BSE-causing proteins - to decrease - the brain and spinal cord
the chances of contamination of the meat people eat.
In 2009, the FDA has taken additional security measures to protect consumers against BSE. These prohibit the use of a
High risk cattle materials in the feed for each animal. In this way, goes the FDA, the already small decrease
Possibility of infection with BSE.
In addition, there is a system to be tested in the sample of animals. This is a way to prevent the contaminated meat
from reaching the shelves. The test system helped officials identify some contaminated meat in Washington State in
December 2003 - one of only three cases of mad cow disease found in the United States so far. The government also has a
recall policy in place for meat that is suspected of being contaminated.
If you are wondering if you are able to vCJD from cow's milk, the FDA says there is no evidence that the disease can
transmitted through milk and milk products. It is also very unlikely that a person is to contract CJD from
Consumption of beef.
vCJD itself is quite rare - there were only three people to die in the United States from the disease. And because
the control measures now in a position to the chance that you or someone in your family eating meat infected with BSE
extremely low.
MRSA
MRSA
MRSA skin infections have been in the news because the bacteria that cause them to become resistant to the antibiotics used to it
fight most staph infections. This can make it difficult to treat MRSA infections, although most will heal with proper care.
About MRSA
MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of staph bacteria. Many strains of staph bacteria are
quite common, and most of us have staph bacteria live harmlessly on our skin or in our noses.
Staph bacteria that enter the body through a cut, scrape, or rash can cause minor skin infections. Most of these to heal
their own, sometimes antibiotics if the wound clean and bandaged are required, however.
What makes the MRSA strain is different from other staph bacteria, however, is its resistance to the antibiotics, which usually
Staph infections treated. (Methicillin is an antibiotic, which is why the strain is called "methicillin-resistant.") As
Bacteria are resistant to antibiotics, they are harder to kill. They are resistant due to change in any way that
affects the ability of the antibiotic to do its job.
The changes, which can lead to bacterial resistance, which are as caused by improper use of antibiotics:
Taking antibiotics for things that they can not cure, like viruses
Taking antibiotics not work properly if they are reasonable (eg not at all the prescribed medicine or other
Individual drug that was not prescribed for you)
The good news is that MRSA infections in children are rare. And if you get a healthy child, a doctor can treat.
Such as MRSA spreads
MRSA is in the news, but it is not a new infection. The first case was reported in 1968. Affected in the past, usually MRSA
People with weakened immune systems, such as those. In long-term care facilities such as nursing homes
But now some otherwise healthy people who are not at risk for getting MRSA infection. This is called
community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) because it affects people outside of hospitals and nursing homes.
Children who spend a lot of time together in groups, such as camps, schools or college dorms are most at risk. Close
Quarterly people are likely to touch the same surfaces, have skin-to-skin contact, or share equipment that does not
been cleaned.
MRSA is contagious, while there is an infection of the skin. Sometimes people "carriers" of MRSA (that is, they keep be the
Bacteria on or in their body) for days, weeks or even years. You can expand it to other areas, even if they have no
Symptoms. That's why things like washing your hands is so important.
Signs and symptoms
MRSA infections often develop around open wounds, such as cuts, scratches or bites, but they can also occur on intact skin.
Red, swollen, painful bumps appear that sometimes weep fluid or pus. Some children also develop a fever.
In severe cases, the infection in the blood, lungs, bones, joints or other parts of the body has spread. MRSA also
can cause infections such as pneumonia. Fortunately, these complications are very rare in healthy children.
Treatment
MRSA infections require different medications and approaches to treatment than do other staph infections. For example, if
a skin abscess caused by MRSA, the doctor is more likely to have to drain the pus out of it, to be clear
Infection.
Doctors may prescribe antibiotics to treat a MRSA infection. More serious infections may need IV antibiotics given
in a hospital.
Prevention
MRSA may sound alarming because of its resistance to some antibiotics. The spread of MRSA but is possible to prevent
Clean simple measures:
Adults and children should wash their hands often with clean water and soap for at least 20 seconds. Alcohol-based instant
Hand sanitizers or wipes are good for if it. Lack access to soap and water
Keep cuts or broken skin clean with a bandage.
Do not share razors, towels, uniforms or other items that. In contact with the bare skin
Common sports equipment should be covered to prevent contact with a barrier (clothing or a towel) to the skin. The
Equipment should be cleaned before each use with a disinfectant that works against MRSA.
To prevent other bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it is to take important for children and adults
Antibiotics as prescribed. This means that you give your child one ever another recipe or saving antibiotics "for the next
Times. "
Always give antibiotics in full to the recipe is finished (unless a doctor says it's OK to stop
early). Germs, which allowed to hang around after incomplete treatment of infection are more likely to
resistant to antibiotics.
Doctors can also recommend a mild diseases (especially those caused by viruses) run their course without
Antibiotics. If your doctor writes a disease or infection with a virus, antibiotics will not help - ask instead
about other ways to treat the symptoms and help your child feel better.
MRSA skin infections have been in the news because the bacteria that cause them to become resistant to the antibiotics used to it
fight most staph infections. This can make it difficult to treat MRSA infections, although most will heal with proper care.
About MRSA
MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of staph bacteria. Many strains of staph bacteria are
quite common, and most of us have staph bacteria live harmlessly on our skin or in our noses.
Staph bacteria that enter the body through a cut, scrape, or rash can cause minor skin infections. Most of these to heal
their own, sometimes antibiotics if the wound clean and bandaged are required, however.
What makes the MRSA strain is different from other staph bacteria, however, is its resistance to the antibiotics, which usually
Staph infections treated. (Methicillin is an antibiotic, which is why the strain is called "methicillin-resistant.") As
Bacteria are resistant to antibiotics, they are harder to kill. They are resistant due to change in any way that
affects the ability of the antibiotic to do its job.
The changes, which can lead to bacterial resistance, which are as caused by improper use of antibiotics:
Taking antibiotics for things that they can not cure, like viruses
Taking antibiotics not work properly if they are reasonable (eg not at all the prescribed medicine or other
Individual drug that was not prescribed for you)
The good news is that MRSA infections in children are rare. And if you get a healthy child, a doctor can treat.
Such as MRSA spreads
MRSA is in the news, but it is not a new infection. The first case was reported in 1968. Affected in the past, usually MRSA
People with weakened immune systems, such as those. In long-term care facilities such as nursing homes
But now some otherwise healthy people who are not at risk for getting MRSA infection. This is called
community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) because it affects people outside of hospitals and nursing homes.
Children who spend a lot of time together in groups, such as camps, schools or college dorms are most at risk. Close
Quarterly people are likely to touch the same surfaces, have skin-to-skin contact, or share equipment that does not
been cleaned.
MRSA is contagious, while there is an infection of the skin. Sometimes people "carriers" of MRSA (that is, they keep be the
Bacteria on or in their body) for days, weeks or even years. You can expand it to other areas, even if they have no
Symptoms. That's why things like washing your hands is so important.
Signs and symptoms
MRSA infections often develop around open wounds, such as cuts, scratches or bites, but they can also occur on intact skin.
Red, swollen, painful bumps appear that sometimes weep fluid or pus. Some children also develop a fever.
In severe cases, the infection in the blood, lungs, bones, joints or other parts of the body has spread. MRSA also
can cause infections such as pneumonia. Fortunately, these complications are very rare in healthy children.
Treatment
MRSA infections require different medications and approaches to treatment than do other staph infections. For example, if
a skin abscess caused by MRSA, the doctor is more likely to have to drain the pus out of it, to be clear
Infection.
Doctors may prescribe antibiotics to treat a MRSA infection. More serious infections may need IV antibiotics given
in a hospital.
Prevention
MRSA may sound alarming because of its resistance to some antibiotics. The spread of MRSA but is possible to prevent
Clean simple measures:
Adults and children should wash their hands often with clean water and soap for at least 20 seconds. Alcohol-based instant
Hand sanitizers or wipes are good for if it. Lack access to soap and water
Keep cuts or broken skin clean with a bandage.
Do not share razors, towels, uniforms or other items that. In contact with the bare skin
Common sports equipment should be covered to prevent contact with a barrier (clothing or a towel) to the skin. The
Equipment should be cleaned before each use with a disinfectant that works against MRSA.
To prevent other bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it is to take important for children and adults
Antibiotics as prescribed. This means that you give your child one ever another recipe or saving antibiotics "for the next
Times. "
Always give antibiotics in full to the recipe is finished (unless a doctor says it's OK to stop
early). Germs, which allowed to hang around after incomplete treatment of infection are more likely to
resistant to antibiotics.
Doctors can also recommend a mild diseases (especially those caused by viruses) run their course without
Antibiotics. If your doctor writes a disease or infection with a virus, antibiotics will not help - ask instead
about other ways to treat the symptoms and help your child feel better.
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is often associated with heavily wooded or grassy areas where mice and deer live. It is most common in the
Northeast, the Pacific Northwest and the northern states of the Midwest.
About Lyme Disease
Lyme disease infection is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes in small animals such as mice. Ixodes
Ticks (also black-legged or deer ticks), which can then be transferred from these animals to Borrelia burgdorferi
People through tick bites.
Ticks are small and can be hard to see. Immature ticks, or nymphs are about the size of a poppy seed, adult ticks are
the size of a sesame seed.
It is important to know and watch for the symptoms of Lyme disease because ticks are hard to find and it's easy to overlook a
Tick bite - in fact, many people who get Lyme disease do not remember being bitten. The good news is that most tick bites
not result in Lyme disease.
Signs and symptoms
Lyme disease may be various systems of the body, such as the nervous system, joints, skin and heart. The symptoms are often
described as happening in three stages (although not everyone experiences all three):
A circular rash, typically within 1-2 weeks of infection, is often the first sign of infection. Although it as
typical of Lyme disease, many people never develop such.
The rash usually has a characteristic "target" appearance, with a central red spot by clear skin that is surrounded
surrounded by an expanding red rash. It can also appear as an extension ring of solid redness. It may be warm to the touch
and is not painful or itchy in general. The rash may be a little difficult to see on people with darker skin, where it
can be seen as a bruise. The rash usually resolves in about a month.
Along with the rash, a person may have flu-like symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, headache, muscle and
Pain. If left untreated, the symptoms of the original disease may go away on their own. But in some people the infection can
on other parts of the body. The symptoms of this stage of Lyme disease usually appear within several weeks after the
Tick bite, even someone who has not developed the initial rash. A person may feel very tired and unwell or have
more areas of rash that does not. at the site of the bite
Lyme disease can affect the heart, causing an irregular heartbeat or chest pain. It can spread to the nervous system
System whereby facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) or tingling and numbness in the arms and legs. It can start to cause
Headaches and neck stiffness, which may be a sign of meningitis.
The last stage of Lyme disease can occur if the early stages were not recognized or treated appropriately. The symptoms of late
Lyme disease can appear any time from weeks to years (average 6 months) after an infectious tick bite, and in children
almost always in the form of arthritis, especially in the knees and other large joints.
With such a variety of symptoms Lyme disease can be difficult to diagnose for doctors, although certain blood
Tests may be done to look for evidence of the body's response to Lyme disease.
When to call the doctor
If you could make your child at risk for Lyme disease be or think, has been bitten by a tick, call your doctor. Although other
Conditions can cause similar symptoms, it is always advisable to contact your physician, especially if your child develops a red-
ringed rash, prolonged flu-like symptoms, joint pain or a swollen joint or facial paralysis. So your child can get
further evaluation and treatment, if necessary, before the disease progresses too far.
Prevention
There is no surefire way to prevent Lyme disease. But you can minimize your family's risk.
Be aware of ticks in high-risk areas such as shady, moist ground cover or in areas with high grass, brush, shrubs and low tree
Branches. Can accommodate lawns and gardens ticks to, especially at the edges of forests and around old stone
Walls (areas where deer and mice, the primary hosts of the tick, thrive).
If you or your children spend a lot of time outdoors, take precautions:
Wear closed-toe shoes or boots, long-sleeved shirts and long pants. To prevent Tuck pant legs into the boots or shoes to ticks
of crawling legs.
Use an insect repellent with 10% to 30% DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide).
Wear bright clothing so you can see ticks more easily.
Keep long hair pulled back or tucked into a cap for protection.
Do not sit on the ground outdoors.
Check regularly ticks - indoors and outdoors. Wash clothes and hair after leaving tick-infested areas.
If you use an insect repellent with DEET, always follow the recommendations on the product label and do not
overapply it. Place DEET on shirt collars and sleeves and pant cuffs, and only use directly on exposed areas of skin.
Be sure to wash it off when you go back home.
No vaccine for Lyme disease is currently on the market in the United States.
Treatment
Lyme disease is usually treated with a 2 - to 4-week course of antibiotics. Cases that are quickly diagnosed and treated
with antibiotics almost always have a good result. A person should feel back to normal within a few weeks after
Initiation of treatment.
Contagiousness
Lyme disease is not contagious, it can not be transmitted from person to person. But people can get it more than once
by ticks that live on deer, in the woods or traveling to pets. So continue to exercise caution, even if you or your child
has Lyme disease.
If you tick a
You should know how to make a tick just in case one lands on you or to remove your child. First, do not panic. The risk
Lyme disease develop after being bitten by a tick is only about 1% to 3%. On top of that, it takes at least 24 to 48
Transferred cause hours for ticks, the bacteria that disease. (To be sure, though, you should remove the check mark
as soon as possible.) is therefore a daily tick check is a good idea for people who live in high-risk areas.
If you tick one:
Call your doctor might want you to save the tick after removal so that it can be determined if it is the type that can
carry Lyme disease. Put the tick in a sealed container to kill it.
Using tweezers, grasp the tick firmly at its head or mouth, next to the skin.
Pull firmly and steadily on the tick lets it go, to the skin. If part of the tick remains in the skin, do not worry. They
finally come - although you should call your doctor if you notice any irritation or symptoms in the area
Lyme disease.
Wipe the bite site with alcohol.
A word of warning: Do not kill "folk medicine" such as petroleum jelly or a lit match and remove a check mark. This
Do not get methods, the tick from the skin and might just cause the insect to dig deeper and have more saliva (which
increases the chances of disease transmission).
Tick bites usually do not hurt - that's part of the difficulty in knowing whether someone has Lyme disease because pain
usually helps to call attention to the problems. So looking for ticks and rashes, and call your doctor if you are currently
all concerned.
Lyme disease is often associated with heavily wooded or grassy areas where mice and deer live. It is most common in the
Northeast, the Pacific Northwest and the northern states of the Midwest.
About Lyme Disease
Lyme disease infection is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes in small animals such as mice. Ixodes
Ticks (also black-legged or deer ticks), which can then be transferred from these animals to Borrelia burgdorferi
People through tick bites.
Ticks are small and can be hard to see. Immature ticks, or nymphs are about the size of a poppy seed, adult ticks are
the size of a sesame seed.
It is important to know and watch for the symptoms of Lyme disease because ticks are hard to find and it's easy to overlook a
Tick bite - in fact, many people who get Lyme disease do not remember being bitten. The good news is that most tick bites
not result in Lyme disease.
Signs and symptoms
Lyme disease may be various systems of the body, such as the nervous system, joints, skin and heart. The symptoms are often
described as happening in three stages (although not everyone experiences all three):
A circular rash, typically within 1-2 weeks of infection, is often the first sign of infection. Although it as
typical of Lyme disease, many people never develop such.
The rash usually has a characteristic "target" appearance, with a central red spot by clear skin that is surrounded
surrounded by an expanding red rash. It can also appear as an extension ring of solid redness. It may be warm to the touch
and is not painful or itchy in general. The rash may be a little difficult to see on people with darker skin, where it
can be seen as a bruise. The rash usually resolves in about a month.
Along with the rash, a person may have flu-like symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, headache, muscle and
Pain. If left untreated, the symptoms of the original disease may go away on their own. But in some people the infection can
on other parts of the body. The symptoms of this stage of Lyme disease usually appear within several weeks after the
Tick bite, even someone who has not developed the initial rash. A person may feel very tired and unwell or have
more areas of rash that does not. at the site of the bite
Lyme disease can affect the heart, causing an irregular heartbeat or chest pain. It can spread to the nervous system
System whereby facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) or tingling and numbness in the arms and legs. It can start to cause
Headaches and neck stiffness, which may be a sign of meningitis.
The last stage of Lyme disease can occur if the early stages were not recognized or treated appropriately. The symptoms of late
Lyme disease can appear any time from weeks to years (average 6 months) after an infectious tick bite, and in children
almost always in the form of arthritis, especially in the knees and other large joints.
With such a variety of symptoms Lyme disease can be difficult to diagnose for doctors, although certain blood
Tests may be done to look for evidence of the body's response to Lyme disease.
When to call the doctor
If you could make your child at risk for Lyme disease be or think, has been bitten by a tick, call your doctor. Although other
Conditions can cause similar symptoms, it is always advisable to contact your physician, especially if your child develops a red-
ringed rash, prolonged flu-like symptoms, joint pain or a swollen joint or facial paralysis. So your child can get
further evaluation and treatment, if necessary, before the disease progresses too far.
Prevention
There is no surefire way to prevent Lyme disease. But you can minimize your family's risk.
Be aware of ticks in high-risk areas such as shady, moist ground cover or in areas with high grass, brush, shrubs and low tree
Branches. Can accommodate lawns and gardens ticks to, especially at the edges of forests and around old stone
Walls (areas where deer and mice, the primary hosts of the tick, thrive).
If you or your children spend a lot of time outdoors, take precautions:
Wear closed-toe shoes or boots, long-sleeved shirts and long pants. To prevent Tuck pant legs into the boots or shoes to ticks
of crawling legs.
Use an insect repellent with 10% to 30% DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide).
Wear bright clothing so you can see ticks more easily.
Keep long hair pulled back or tucked into a cap for protection.
Do not sit on the ground outdoors.
Check regularly ticks - indoors and outdoors. Wash clothes and hair after leaving tick-infested areas.
If you use an insect repellent with DEET, always follow the recommendations on the product label and do not
overapply it. Place DEET on shirt collars and sleeves and pant cuffs, and only use directly on exposed areas of skin.
Be sure to wash it off when you go back home.
No vaccine for Lyme disease is currently on the market in the United States.
Treatment
Lyme disease is usually treated with a 2 - to 4-week course of antibiotics. Cases that are quickly diagnosed and treated
with antibiotics almost always have a good result. A person should feel back to normal within a few weeks after
Initiation of treatment.
Contagiousness
Lyme disease is not contagious, it can not be transmitted from person to person. But people can get it more than once
by ticks that live on deer, in the woods or traveling to pets. So continue to exercise caution, even if you or your child
has Lyme disease.
If you tick a
You should know how to make a tick just in case one lands on you or to remove your child. First, do not panic. The risk
Lyme disease develop after being bitten by a tick is only about 1% to 3%. On top of that, it takes at least 24 to 48
Transferred cause hours for ticks, the bacteria that disease. (To be sure, though, you should remove the check mark
as soon as possible.) is therefore a daily tick check is a good idea for people who live in high-risk areas.
If you tick one:
Call your doctor might want you to save the tick after removal so that it can be determined if it is the type that can
carry Lyme disease. Put the tick in a sealed container to kill it.
Using tweezers, grasp the tick firmly at its head or mouth, next to the skin.
Pull firmly and steadily on the tick lets it go, to the skin. If part of the tick remains in the skin, do not worry. They
finally come - although you should call your doctor if you notice any irritation or symptoms in the area
Lyme disease.
Wipe the bite site with alcohol.
A word of warning: Do not kill "folk medicine" such as petroleum jelly or a lit match and remove a check mark. This
Do not get methods, the tick from the skin and might just cause the insect to dig deeper and have more saliva (which
increases the chances of disease transmission).
Tick bites usually do not hurt - that's part of the difficulty in knowing whether someone has Lyme disease because pain
usually helps to call attention to the problems. So looking for ticks and rashes, and call your doctor if you are currently
all concerned.
Listeria Infections
Listeria Infections
Listeria infections caused (also known as listeriosis) by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes.
Infection is rare but when it occurs, it most often affects pregnant women in the last three months,
Newborns, children and adults whose immunity weakened by diseases such as cancer or HIV. People who have had different
Types of transplants are also at risk for listeriosis.
Listeria bacteria may be transferred through the soil and water. A person can also ingest from eating certain foods Listeria,
such as sausages and cold cuts, soft-ripened cheese, milk, raw chicken, uncooked hot dogs, shellfish and
From contaminated cabbage slaw. However, many cases of infection have no identifiable source.
Listeria infections may create symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, shortness of breath and poor
Feeding. Pregnant women who develop listeriosis may experience only mild flu-like symptoms, but they are at risk for
Premature birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth.
Listeria can cause a wide range of infections, including gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea as "stomach
Flu "), bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood), meningitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis (infection in the bone) and
Endocarditis.
People who have weakened their immune systems are particularly at risk for developing severe disease from
Listeriosis, including pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis.
Cases of listeriosis are relatively rare. The earlier listeriosis is detected and treated, the better, because it can
severe and life-threatening infections. And especially if you are pregnant or one of the other high-risk
Groups can avoiding certain foods and beverages reduce your risk of getting this infection.
The treatment of listeriosis
Listeriosis is usually administered with antibiotics in the hospital through an intravenous catheter (IV).
Typically, the treatment lasts for about 10 days, but this can vary depending on the body's ability to fight off the
Infection.
To develop children whose immune systems are compromised by disease or infection, such as cancer or HIV, are more likely
Listeriosis, a serious infection and may require additional treatment.
In healthy people with gastroenteritis caused by Listeria, the symptoms often recovered last only 2 days and the person
complete.
Prevent listeriosis
While there is no vaccine against the bacteria that cause listeriosis, you can help reduce the risk for your family
by these food safety precautions:
Always cook food (especially meat and eggs) thoroughly to the proper internal temperature.
Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
Drink only pasteurized milk, and make sure that the milk is refrigerated at the appropriate temperature is less than
40 ° F (4 ° C).
Avoid foods made from raw milk.
If you are in a high risk group, avoid soft cheeses such as feta, Brie, Camembert, blue-veined and Mexican-style cheese
unless they have labels that clearly state they are made from pasteurized milk.
Warm meals, packaged foods - such as sausage or hot dogs - to steaming hot temperatures, especially if
you are pregnant.
Carefully wash hands and utensils after handling raw foods.
When to call the doctor
Call your doctor immediately if your child develops faster or shortness of breath, fever, poor feeding, vomiting,
Dehydration, a high-pitched crying, lethargy (excessive sleepiness) or irritability. If your child has listeriosis, the
Doctor can rule out other diseases and begin treatment.
Listeria infections caused (also known as listeriosis) by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes.
Infection is rare but when it occurs, it most often affects pregnant women in the last three months,
Newborns, children and adults whose immunity weakened by diseases such as cancer or HIV. People who have had different
Types of transplants are also at risk for listeriosis.
Listeria bacteria may be transferred through the soil and water. A person can also ingest from eating certain foods Listeria,
such as sausages and cold cuts, soft-ripened cheese, milk, raw chicken, uncooked hot dogs, shellfish and
From contaminated cabbage slaw. However, many cases of infection have no identifiable source.
Listeria infections may create symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, shortness of breath and poor
Feeding. Pregnant women who develop listeriosis may experience only mild flu-like symptoms, but they are at risk for
Premature birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth.
Listeria can cause a wide range of infections, including gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea as "stomach
Flu "), bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood), meningitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis (infection in the bone) and
Endocarditis.
People who have weakened their immune systems are particularly at risk for developing severe disease from
Listeriosis, including pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis.
Cases of listeriosis are relatively rare. The earlier listeriosis is detected and treated, the better, because it can
severe and life-threatening infections. And especially if you are pregnant or one of the other high-risk
Groups can avoiding certain foods and beverages reduce your risk of getting this infection.
The treatment of listeriosis
Listeriosis is usually administered with antibiotics in the hospital through an intravenous catheter (IV).
Typically, the treatment lasts for about 10 days, but this can vary depending on the body's ability to fight off the
Infection.
To develop children whose immune systems are compromised by disease or infection, such as cancer or HIV, are more likely
Listeriosis, a serious infection and may require additional treatment.
In healthy people with gastroenteritis caused by Listeria, the symptoms often recovered last only 2 days and the person
complete.
Prevent listeriosis
While there is no vaccine against the bacteria that cause listeriosis, you can help reduce the risk for your family
by these food safety precautions:
Always cook food (especially meat and eggs) thoroughly to the proper internal temperature.
Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
Drink only pasteurized milk, and make sure that the milk is refrigerated at the appropriate temperature is less than
40 ° F (4 ° C).
Avoid foods made from raw milk.
If you are in a high risk group, avoid soft cheeses such as feta, Brie, Camembert, blue-veined and Mexican-style cheese
unless they have labels that clearly state they are made from pasteurized milk.
Warm meals, packaged foods - such as sausage or hot dogs - to steaming hot temperatures, especially if
you are pregnant.
Carefully wash hands and utensils after handling raw foods.
When to call the doctor
Call your doctor immediately if your child develops faster or shortness of breath, fever, poor feeding, vomiting,
Dehydration, a high-pitched crying, lethargy (excessive sleepiness) or irritability. If your child has listeriosis, the
Doctor can rule out other diseases and begin treatment.