Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in children. By the time they are 5 years old, about 8% of girls and 1-2%
Boys have had at least one.
In older children, UTIs can cause obvious symptoms such as burning or pain when urinating (peeing). In infants and young
Children may be more difficult to detect urinary tract infection because the symptoms are less specific. In fact, fever is sometimes the only sign.
About HWI
Most urinary tract infections are caused when bacteria from the urinary tract, which will be composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder infection, and
Urethra. Everyone plays a role in removing liquid waste from the body. The kidneys filter the blood and produce urine, which
Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder and the bladder stores the urine until it is eliminated from the
Body through the urethra.
Infection can occur anywhere along this tract, but the lower part - the urethra and bladder - is the most common
involved. This is called cystitis. If the infection travels up the ureters into the kidneys, called pyelonephritis and it
is usually more serious.
Although bacteria normally found in the urine, they can easily enter the urinary tract from the skin around the
Anus (the intestinal bacteria E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections). Many other bacteria and some viruses can
also cause infection. Rarely, bacteria reach the bladder or the kidneys through the blood. Bacterial urinary tract infections are not
contagious.
Urinary tract infections occur more frequently in girls, especially those around the age of toilet teaching, because a girl's urethra
is shorter and closer to the anus. Uncircumcised boys younger than 1 year have a slightly increased risk of developing
a UTI.
Other risk factors for developing a UTI include:
an abnormality in the structure or function of the urinary tract (such as a kidney or a blockage somewhere defective
along the tract of the normal flow of urine)
an abnormal backflow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureters and kidneys. This condition, known
as VUR (VUR) is present at birth, and about 30% to 50% of children with UTI are found to have it.
poor toilet and hygiene habits
the use of soaps or bubble baths that irritate the urethra
Family history of urinary tract infections
Urinary tract infections are highly treatable, but it is important to recognize it early. Undiagnosed or untreated UTIs can lead to kidney failure
Damage, especially in children younger than 6
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of UTI are depending on the age of the child and in which part of the urinary tract infection is dependent. In
younger children and infants, the symptoms can be very general. The child may irritable, begin to feed poorly or vomit.
Sometimes the only symptom is a fever that seems to appear for no reason and will not go away.
In older children and adults, the symptoms can show which part of the urinary tract is infected. In a bladder infection, the
Child may have:
Pain, burning or stinging sensation while peeing
an increased need to urinate or frequent urination (even though only a very small amount of urine may be produced)
Fever (although this is not always available)
frequent nocturnal awakenings to go to the toilet
Wetting problems, even though the child is taught Toilet
Lower back pain or abdominal pain in the bladder (generally below the navel)
foul-smelling urine that may look cloudy or contain blood
Many of these symptoms are also seen in a kidney infection, but the child often appears more ill and more
Have fever with chills, pain in the side or back, extreme tiredness, or vomiting.
Prevention
In infants and young children can prevent frequent diaper changes, cause the spread of bacteria that urinary tract infections. When children begin
Self-care, it is important to teach them good hygiene. After each bowel movement, you should remember to wipe from girls
front to rear - not back to front - to prevent the spread of germs from the rectum to the urethra.
All children should be taught not to "hold" when they need to go, because the urine remains in the bladder gives bacteria
a good place to grow.
School age girls should avoid bubble baths and soaps that may cause severe irritation, and they should wear cotton
Underwear instead of nylon, because it shows that the growth of bacteria is less likely to promote. Other ways to decrease the risk of
Urinary tract infections are drinking plenty of fluids and avoiding caffeine, which can irritate the bladder.
All children diagnosed with VUR should follow their doctor's treatment plan to prevent recurrent UTIs.
Time
Most urinary tract infections are cured within a week with proper medical treatment. Recurrences are common in certain children with urinary
Anomalies have those problems emptying their bladder (such as children with spina bifida) or those with very
poor toilet and hygiene habits.
Diagnosis
After performing a physical exam and ask about symptoms, your doctor can check a urine sample and to identify
Bacteria causing the infection. As a sample is taken will depend on how old your child is. Older children might simply have
pee into a sterile cup.
For younger kids in diapers, a plastic bag with duct tape over their genitals can be placed to collect the urine.
However, the urine can be in contact with the skin is contaminated by the same bacteria infection,
such a catheter is usually preferred. This is when a thin tube inserted into the urethra to the bladder in order to obtain a
"Clean" urine sample.
The sample can be used for a urinalysis (a test that checks the urine for microscopic germs or pus) or urine
Culture (which tries to grow and identifying bacteria in a laboratory). Knowing what bacteria causing the infection
can help your doctor choose the best medication to treat it.
Most children with UTI recover quite well, but some of them - especially those who are very young, when they have their
Infection or those who have recurrent infections - need further tests to rule out abnormalities of the
Urinary tract.
If an abnormality is suspected, the doctor may order special tests such as an ultrasound of the kidneys and the bladder or
X-rays are taken during urination (called a voiding cystourethrogram or MCU). These tests, as well as other
Studies with imaging techniques can check for problems in the structure or function of the urinary tract. Your child may also
by a urologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary tract).
Treatment
UTIs are treated with antibiotics. The type of antibiotic, and how long it needs to be considered depend on the type of
Bacteria that caused the infection and how severe it is. After several days of antibiotics, your doctor may repeat
The urine tests to confirm that the infection is gone. It is important to ensure that the infection is cleared, since a
incompletely treated UTI can recur or spread.
If a child with severe pain during urination, the doctor may also prescribe a medication that numbs the lining of the
Urinary tract. This drug causes the temporary pee turn orange, but not be alarmed - the color is not
Importance.
Give prescribed antibiotics on schedule for as many days as your doctor directs. Keep your child explore the
Bathroom and ask your child about symptoms such as pain or burning during urination. These symptoms should improve within 2 to
3 days after antibiotics are started.
Take your child's temperature once every morning and every evening, and call the doctor if he rises above 101 ° F (38.3 ° C)
or above 100.4 ° F (38 ° C) rectally in infants. Encourage your child to drink too much, but avoid drinks
Contain caffeine, such as soda and iced tea.
Children with a simple bladder infection are usually treated at home with oral antibiotics. Preferably, however, those with a more severe
Infection may need to be treated in a hospital to receive antibiotics by injection or intravenously (delivered by a
Vein directly into the bloodstream).
Children tend to be admitted to hospital for UTI if:
the child has a high fever or looks very sick, or there is a probable kidney infection
the child is younger than 6 months old
Bacteria from the infected urinary tract may have spread the blood
the child is dehydrated (have low body fluids) or vomiting and no fluids or medication by mouth
Children diagnosed with VUR (or VUR) in which urine goes back up into the ureters instead of flowing
the urethra, will be watched closely by a doctor. Treatment may include medications or, rarely, surgery. Most
Children outgrow mild forms of VUR, but some may develop kidney damage or kidney failure later in life.
When to call the doctor
Call your doctor immediately if your child has an unexplained fever with chills, especially when accompanied by
Back pain or any kind of discomfort when urinating.
Also call the doctor if your child has any of the following:
unusually frequent urination or frequent urination at night
bad-smelling, bloody, or discolored urine
Lower back pain or abdominal pain (especially below the navel)
Fever over 101 ° F (38.3 ° C) in children or 100.4 ° F (38 ° C) rectally in infants
Call the doctor if your child has a fever, feeds poorly, vomits repeatedly, or seems unusually irritable.
Health And Longevity
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (popularly known as "TB") is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is mainly infected
the lungs, although. to other organs
If someone with untreated TB coughs or sneezes, the air with droplets filled the bacteria. Inhalation this
infected droplets is the usual way a person gets TB.
One of the most feared diseases of the 19th Century, TB was the eighth leading cause of death in children 1 to 4 years
of age in the 1920s. Since the general standard of living and medical care in the United States improved, the incidence
reduced from TB. In the 1960s, it was not even in the top 10 causes of death in children of all ages.
But TB is making a comeback in the United States today - especially among the homeless, those in prison and those
rendered susceptible because of the HIV infection.
Signs and symptoms
In older infants and children, latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the first infection with the tuberculosis
Bacteria, normally does not produce any signs or symptoms. In addition, a chest X-ray shows no signs of infection.
In most cases, only a tuberculin skin test (used to find out if someone has been infected with the TB bacteria)
is positive, indicating that the child was infected. Even if they do not show children with a positive tuberculin test,
Disease must receive medications usually.
This primary infection usually from alone as a child develops immunity over a 6 - to 10-week period. However, in some
Cases it can progress and around the lungs (so-called progressive tuberculosis) or spread to other organs. This causes
Signs and symptoms such as fever, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite and coughing.
Another type of infection is called reactivation tuberculosis. Here the primary infection has resolved, but the bacteria
are dormant, or hibernating. When conditions become favorable (for example, due to lowered immunity), the bacteria
to be active.
Tuberculosis in older children and adults may be this guy. The most prominent symptom is a persistent fever, with
Sweating during the night. Fatigue and weight loss may follow. As the disease progresses and cavities in the lung,
the person may have cough and the production of saliva, mucus or phlegm, which may include blood.
Prevention
The prevention of TB depends on:
Avoiding contact with those who have active disease
with drugs as a preventive measure in high-risk cases
Maintaining good standard of living
New cases and potentially contagious patients are identified by the proper use and interpretation of the tuberculin skin test
Test.
A vaccine called BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is considered controversial because it is not very effective in the countries
with a low incidence of TB. For this reason, BCG is not usually introduced into the United States. However, it may be considered
for children emigrating to countries where tuberculosis is common.
Contagiousness
Tuberculosis is contagious if it is the air and can be inhaled by others. In general, children are not considered
contagious, and usually get the infection from infected adults.
The incubation period (the time it takes for a person to become infected after being exposed) varies from weeks to years,
depending on the individual, and whether the infection is primary, or progressive reactivation TB.
Treatment
A doctor may recommend hospitalization for the first evaluation and treatment of TB, especially if:
the child is a young child
there are serious drug reactions
there are other diseases with TB
However, most children can be treated as outpatients with tuberculosis and cared for at home. The treatment is generally in the
The form of oral medications. In rare cases, three or four drugs are prescribed. Although treatment may take months to
to complete, it is extremely important that the full course of drugs that are taken to be cured of tuberculosis.
Time
Tuberculosis is a chronic disease that can persist for years if it is not treated.
When you call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child:
has been in contact with a person who is (or probably have) Tuberculosis
has persistent fever
complains of sweating at night
developed a persistent cough that does not respond to standard cough medications
Tuberculosis (popularly known as "TB") is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is mainly infected
the lungs, although. to other organs
If someone with untreated TB coughs or sneezes, the air with droplets filled the bacteria. Inhalation this
infected droplets is the usual way a person gets TB.
One of the most feared diseases of the 19th Century, TB was the eighth leading cause of death in children 1 to 4 years
of age in the 1920s. Since the general standard of living and medical care in the United States improved, the incidence
reduced from TB. In the 1960s, it was not even in the top 10 causes of death in children of all ages.
But TB is making a comeback in the United States today - especially among the homeless, those in prison and those
rendered susceptible because of the HIV infection.
Signs and symptoms
In older infants and children, latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the first infection with the tuberculosis
Bacteria, normally does not produce any signs or symptoms. In addition, a chest X-ray shows no signs of infection.
In most cases, only a tuberculin skin test (used to find out if someone has been infected with the TB bacteria)
is positive, indicating that the child was infected. Even if they do not show children with a positive tuberculin test,
Disease must receive medications usually.
This primary infection usually from alone as a child develops immunity over a 6 - to 10-week period. However, in some
Cases it can progress and around the lungs (so-called progressive tuberculosis) or spread to other organs. This causes
Signs and symptoms such as fever, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite and coughing.
Another type of infection is called reactivation tuberculosis. Here the primary infection has resolved, but the bacteria
are dormant, or hibernating. When conditions become favorable (for example, due to lowered immunity), the bacteria
to be active.
Tuberculosis in older children and adults may be this guy. The most prominent symptom is a persistent fever, with
Sweating during the night. Fatigue and weight loss may follow. As the disease progresses and cavities in the lung,
the person may have cough and the production of saliva, mucus or phlegm, which may include blood.
Prevention
The prevention of TB depends on:
Avoiding contact with those who have active disease
with drugs as a preventive measure in high-risk cases
Maintaining good standard of living
New cases and potentially contagious patients are identified by the proper use and interpretation of the tuberculin skin test
Test.
A vaccine called BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is considered controversial because it is not very effective in the countries
with a low incidence of TB. For this reason, BCG is not usually introduced into the United States. However, it may be considered
for children emigrating to countries where tuberculosis is common.
Contagiousness
Tuberculosis is contagious if it is the air and can be inhaled by others. In general, children are not considered
contagious, and usually get the infection from infected adults.
The incubation period (the time it takes for a person to become infected after being exposed) varies from weeks to years,
depending on the individual, and whether the infection is primary, or progressive reactivation TB.
Treatment
A doctor may recommend hospitalization for the first evaluation and treatment of TB, especially if:
the child is a young child
there are serious drug reactions
there are other diseases with TB
However, most children can be treated as outpatients with tuberculosis and cared for at home. The treatment is generally in the
The form of oral medications. In rare cases, three or four drugs are prescribed. Although treatment may take months to
to complete, it is extremely important that the full course of drugs that are taken to be cured of tuberculosis.
Time
Tuberculosis is a chronic disease that can persist for years if it is not treated.
When you call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child:
has been in contact with a person who is (or probably have) Tuberculosis
has persistent fever
complains of sweating at night
developed a persistent cough that does not respond to standard cough medications
Toxic synovitis
Toxic synovitis
After a long drive home from his grandmother's house, 4-year-old Max began to limp as he got out of the car. He limped on
his left leg for a second, and then quickly shifted his weight to the right leg. He seemed to be in pain. At home
Mother discovered he had a slight fever.
Symptoms such as these may interfere with - especially if they happen suddenly. But in Max's case, there was little reason
for concern. The doctor made the diagnosis of toxic synovitis, a temporary inflammation of the hip which usually goes away
within a week or two.
About Toxic synovitis
Toxic synovitis, also known as transient synovitis is the most common cause of hip pain in children. It is caused by a
Viral infection that sometimes (but not always) consists of the hip joint. The virus causes swelling in the hip joint,
This makes walking painful. Usually only one hip is affected. But later, the virus can pass to the other hip.
Toxic synovitis is more common in boys and affects preschool to early school age children, but younger children may also develop
it.
Sometimes toxic synovitis with septic arthritis, or infectious arthritis, a serious condition caused by confused
a bacterial infection that affects the joints and can cause long-term joint damage. Your doctor can rule out septic
Arthritis or other conditions through a physical examination and diagnostic tests.
Symptoms
When children have toxic synovitis, the pain may come and go or move from one hip to the other. Here are more signs to look
for:
recent history of a viral infection such as a cold or stomach virus
mild fever (up to 101 ° F)
Limping with his toes turned outward, curved or straight, the knee
Walk on tiptoe
(sitting in a car, for example, at a desk or watching TV) is hip ailments that after a long period of immobilization of the affected joint
Knee or thigh pain without pain in the hip
in younger children, crying
in some cases go to a rejection
In infants, the most common signs of toxic synovitis are scrambling and abnormal crying, and she can cry in situations
where their hip joints are moved, how to change diapers.
Diagnosis
The first thing a doctor to do is examine your child to check what kind of movement is painful, by the
Knees, hips and other joints. This is to confirm that is limping caused by pain in the hip.
Next, the doctor may order an ultrasound examination of the hip, an imaging test to determine whether it is in the liquid
Hip. Fluid is swelling and inflammation in the tissues. The doctor may also do a blood test to look for
Inflammatory markers, other signs that show the extent of swelling in the hip joint.
In cases where the inflammation marker or appear high fever, and the doctor has difficulty ruling out septic
Arthritis, your child, they must be removed for a liquid culture (laboratory test). The doctor may also perform blood tests
exclude Lyme disease, and X-rays for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, a progressive disease that causes a loss of
Bone tissue.
Treatment
Treatment for toxic synovitis usually includes anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen or naproxyn. Your child will
take these drugs for up to 4 weeks last until the inflammation goes away. The doctor may also prescribe medicine for
Pain, such as acetaminophen.
Resting the hip joint is important, and it is best if your child avoids weight on the hip while recovering. Usually
within a day or two of taking the anti-inflammatory medicine, children are able to walk comfortably again. However,
Participation in activities such as physical education or contact sports can wait until your child is fully recovered.
Outlook
Toxic synovitis usually goes away within a week or two, but can last for 4-5 weeks. Some children have a tendency to develop
toxic synovitis repeatedly during childhood. If these children have colds or viruses, the infection causes inflammation in
their hip joints. If your child has a history of toxic synovitis, let your doctor know.
After a long drive home from his grandmother's house, 4-year-old Max began to limp as he got out of the car. He limped on
his left leg for a second, and then quickly shifted his weight to the right leg. He seemed to be in pain. At home
Mother discovered he had a slight fever.
Symptoms such as these may interfere with - especially if they happen suddenly. But in Max's case, there was little reason
for concern. The doctor made the diagnosis of toxic synovitis, a temporary inflammation of the hip which usually goes away
within a week or two.
About Toxic synovitis
Toxic synovitis, also known as transient synovitis is the most common cause of hip pain in children. It is caused by a
Viral infection that sometimes (but not always) consists of the hip joint. The virus causes swelling in the hip joint,
This makes walking painful. Usually only one hip is affected. But later, the virus can pass to the other hip.
Toxic synovitis is more common in boys and affects preschool to early school age children, but younger children may also develop
it.
Sometimes toxic synovitis with septic arthritis, or infectious arthritis, a serious condition caused by confused
a bacterial infection that affects the joints and can cause long-term joint damage. Your doctor can rule out septic
Arthritis or other conditions through a physical examination and diagnostic tests.
Symptoms
When children have toxic synovitis, the pain may come and go or move from one hip to the other. Here are more signs to look
for:
recent history of a viral infection such as a cold or stomach virus
mild fever (up to 101 ° F)
Limping with his toes turned outward, curved or straight, the knee
Walk on tiptoe
(sitting in a car, for example, at a desk or watching TV) is hip ailments that after a long period of immobilization of the affected joint
Knee or thigh pain without pain in the hip
in younger children, crying
in some cases go to a rejection
In infants, the most common signs of toxic synovitis are scrambling and abnormal crying, and she can cry in situations
where their hip joints are moved, how to change diapers.
Diagnosis
The first thing a doctor to do is examine your child to check what kind of movement is painful, by the
Knees, hips and other joints. This is to confirm that is limping caused by pain in the hip.
Next, the doctor may order an ultrasound examination of the hip, an imaging test to determine whether it is in the liquid
Hip. Fluid is swelling and inflammation in the tissues. The doctor may also do a blood test to look for
Inflammatory markers, other signs that show the extent of swelling in the hip joint.
In cases where the inflammation marker or appear high fever, and the doctor has difficulty ruling out septic
Arthritis, your child, they must be removed for a liquid culture (laboratory test). The doctor may also perform blood tests
exclude Lyme disease, and X-rays for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, a progressive disease that causes a loss of
Bone tissue.
Treatment
Treatment for toxic synovitis usually includes anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen or naproxyn. Your child will
take these drugs for up to 4 weeks last until the inflammation goes away. The doctor may also prescribe medicine for
Pain, such as acetaminophen.
Resting the hip joint is important, and it is best if your child avoids weight on the hip while recovering. Usually
within a day or two of taking the anti-inflammatory medicine, children are able to walk comfortably again. However,
Participation in activities such as physical education or contact sports can wait until your child is fully recovered.
Outlook
Toxic synovitis usually goes away within a week or two, but can last for 4-5 weeks. Some children have a tendency to develop
toxic synovitis repeatedly during childhood. If these children have colds or viruses, the infection causes inflammation in
their hip joints. If your child has a history of toxic synovitis, let your doctor know.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
About Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious but rare infection caused by either Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, or by
Streptococcal bacteria.
Initially the use of tampons, especially high-absorbency and those which do not change often linked, it is
now also known to be associated with the contraceptive sponge and diaphragm birth control methods.
TSS can also occur from wounds secondary to minor trauma or surgery incisions where bacteria have been able to enter
The body and cause infections.
TSS also can affect anyone who has any type of staph infection, including pneumonia, abscess, skin or wound infection,
the septicemia sepsis, osteomyelitis, or bone infection.
In most cases, streptococcal TSS appears invaded by bacteria are areas of injured skin, such as cuts and abrasions,
Surgical wounds, and even chickenpox blisters.
Symptoms of TSS include sudden high fever, a faint feeling, diarrhea, headache, rash and muscle pain. If your
Child has these symptoms, call your doctor immediately.
Symptoms
Toxic shock syndrome begins suddenly, often with a high fever (temperature at least 102 ° F [38.8 ° C]), a rapid drop in
Blood pressure (with lightheadedness or fainting), vomiting, diarrhea, headache, neck pain, or muscle pain.
A sunburn-like rash can occur anywhere on the body, including the palms and soles. A person
could also have bloodshot eyes and an unusual redness under the eyelids or inside the mouth (and vagina in females). The
Around an infected wound, swollen, reddened and tender, or may not even appear infected.
Other symptoms may include confusion or other changes, decreased urination, fatigue and weakness, and thirst.
If TSS is untreated, can begin organs such as the liver and kidneys to fail, and problems such as cramps, bleeding and
Can develop heart failure.
Prevention
The bacteria that cause toxic shock syndrome can be carried out on unwashed hands and calls for an infection somewhere in the
Body. So good hand washing is extremely important.
Girls can reduce their risk of TSS by either avoiding tampons or alternating with sanitary napkins. Girls using
Tampons should only choose those with the lowest absorbency that menstruation is treated, and change the tampon
common. In low-flow days girls should use pads instead of tampons.
Between menstrual periods, store tampons away from heat and moisture (where bacteria can grow) - for example, in a
Bedroom rather than in a bathroom cabinet.
Since staph bacteria are often worn on hands, it is important for the girls to wash their hands thoroughly
before and after the insertion of a tampon. If your daughter has her menstrual period, to talk to her about taking this
Precautions. Any woman who has recovered from TSS should not use tampons.
Clean and bandage all skin wounds as quickly as possible. Call your doctor if a wound becomes red,
swollen or tender, or if a fever begins.
Diagnosis and Treatment
TSS is a medical emergency. If you think your child has TSS, call a physician immediately. Depending on the symptoms, a
Doctor can see the office or refer you to a hospital emergency immediate evaluation and testing.
If doctors suspect TSS, they will probably start intravenous (IV) fluids and antibiotics as soon as possible. They may
a sample of the suspected site of infection, such as the skin, nose or vagina to check it for TSS. They may
take a blood sample.
Other blood tests can help monitor how various organs such as the kidneys work and check for other diseases that may
be causing the symptoms.
Medical personnel will remove tampons, contraceptives or wound packing; clean all wounds, and if there is a case
of infection (abscess), a doctor may need to drain pus from the infected area.
People with TSS must generally stay in the hospital, often in intensive care unit (ICU) for a few days
closely monitor blood pressure, respiratory status and for signs of other problems to look like organ damage.
TSS is a very rare disease. Although it can be fatal, if recognized and treated promptly be it is usually curable.
When to call the doctor
Call your doctor immediately if your child has any signs or symptoms of toxic shock syndrome. Once you realize that
something is wrong, then it is important to see a doctor immediately. The sooner your child gets treatment, the better.
About Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious but rare infection caused by either Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, or by
Streptococcal bacteria.
Initially the use of tampons, especially high-absorbency and those which do not change often linked, it is
now also known to be associated with the contraceptive sponge and diaphragm birth control methods.
TSS can also occur from wounds secondary to minor trauma or surgery incisions where bacteria have been able to enter
The body and cause infections.
TSS also can affect anyone who has any type of staph infection, including pneumonia, abscess, skin or wound infection,
the septicemia sepsis, osteomyelitis, or bone infection.
In most cases, streptococcal TSS appears invaded by bacteria are areas of injured skin, such as cuts and abrasions,
Surgical wounds, and even chickenpox blisters.
Symptoms of TSS include sudden high fever, a faint feeling, diarrhea, headache, rash and muscle pain. If your
Child has these symptoms, call your doctor immediately.
Symptoms
Toxic shock syndrome begins suddenly, often with a high fever (temperature at least 102 ° F [38.8 ° C]), a rapid drop in
Blood pressure (with lightheadedness or fainting), vomiting, diarrhea, headache, neck pain, or muscle pain.
A sunburn-like rash can occur anywhere on the body, including the palms and soles. A person
could also have bloodshot eyes and an unusual redness under the eyelids or inside the mouth (and vagina in females). The
Around an infected wound, swollen, reddened and tender, or may not even appear infected.
Other symptoms may include confusion or other changes, decreased urination, fatigue and weakness, and thirst.
If TSS is untreated, can begin organs such as the liver and kidneys to fail, and problems such as cramps, bleeding and
Can develop heart failure.
Prevention
The bacteria that cause toxic shock syndrome can be carried out on unwashed hands and calls for an infection somewhere in the
Body. So good hand washing is extremely important.
Girls can reduce their risk of TSS by either avoiding tampons or alternating with sanitary napkins. Girls using
Tampons should only choose those with the lowest absorbency that menstruation is treated, and change the tampon
common. In low-flow days girls should use pads instead of tampons.
Between menstrual periods, store tampons away from heat and moisture (where bacteria can grow) - for example, in a
Bedroom rather than in a bathroom cabinet.
Since staph bacteria are often worn on hands, it is important for the girls to wash their hands thoroughly
before and after the insertion of a tampon. If your daughter has her menstrual period, to talk to her about taking this
Precautions. Any woman who has recovered from TSS should not use tampons.
Clean and bandage all skin wounds as quickly as possible. Call your doctor if a wound becomes red,
swollen or tender, or if a fever begins.
Diagnosis and Treatment
TSS is a medical emergency. If you think your child has TSS, call a physician immediately. Depending on the symptoms, a
Doctor can see the office or refer you to a hospital emergency immediate evaluation and testing.
If doctors suspect TSS, they will probably start intravenous (IV) fluids and antibiotics as soon as possible. They may
a sample of the suspected site of infection, such as the skin, nose or vagina to check it for TSS. They may
take a blood sample.
Other blood tests can help monitor how various organs such as the kidneys work and check for other diseases that may
be causing the symptoms.
Medical personnel will remove tampons, contraceptives or wound packing; clean all wounds, and if there is a case
of infection (abscess), a doctor may need to drain pus from the infected area.
People with TSS must generally stay in the hospital, often in intensive care unit (ICU) for a few days
closely monitor blood pressure, respiratory status and for signs of other problems to look like organ damage.
TSS is a very rare disease. Although it can be fatal, if recognized and treated promptly be it is usually curable.
When to call the doctor
Call your doctor immediately if your child has any signs or symptoms of toxic shock syndrome. Once you realize that
something is wrong, then it is important to see a doctor immediately. The sooner your child gets treatment, the better.
tonsillitis
Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, the fleshy clusters of tissue on either side of the back of the neck,
fight off the germs enter the body through the mouth. The tonsils are enlarged and red, and have a yellow or white
Coating.
Most types of tonsillitis are contagious, spreading from person to person by contact with the throat or nasal fluids
someone who is infected. Tonsillitis symptoms are sore throat, fever, swollen glands in the neck, and problems
Swallow.
The treatment of tonsillitis
Treatment for tonsillitis depends on whether it is caused by a virus or by group A streptococcus bacteria. Doctors
usually can not tell the difference by looking at the tonsils, but can detect strep bacteria with a rapid strep test
or a throat culture.
If tonsillitis caused by a virus infection in the body with its own will. If it is caused by streptococcus bacteria,
the doctor will probably prescribe an antibiotic. If so, make sure that your child completes the full course of treatment
in order to prevent complications.
For children who get tonsillitis often (more than 5-7 times during a 12-month period) or repeat infections over several
Years, doctors may recommend a tonsillectomy to remove the tonsils.
Caring for your child
Kids with tonsillitis need plenty of food and rest. If swallowing so painful that eating is difficult, try serving
Liquids and soft foods, such as soups, milkshakes, smoothies, ice pops or ice.
Make sure that your child drinks plenty of fluids and get plenty of rest, and take his or her temperature regularly. Use an
the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, to neck pain. Do not give aspirin or other products
Aspirin, though, because these children are at risk for Reye's syndrome, a disease that can have serious
Complications.
Keep your sick child's drinking glasses and eating utensils separate and wash them in hot soapy water. All Family
Members should wash their hands frequently.
If your child begins treatment with antibiotics for strep, throw his toothbrush and replace it with a new one.
Prevent tonsillitis
Try children away from someone who already make a tonsillitis or sore throat, and that everyone in your family
Good hand washing practices.
If your child symptoms of tonsillitis, call your doctor.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, the fleshy clusters of tissue on either side of the back of the neck,
fight off the germs enter the body through the mouth. The tonsils are enlarged and red, and have a yellow or white
Coating.
Most types of tonsillitis are contagious, spreading from person to person by contact with the throat or nasal fluids
someone who is infected. Tonsillitis symptoms are sore throat, fever, swollen glands in the neck, and problems
Swallow.
The treatment of tonsillitis
Treatment for tonsillitis depends on whether it is caused by a virus or by group A streptococcus bacteria. Doctors
usually can not tell the difference by looking at the tonsils, but can detect strep bacteria with a rapid strep test
or a throat culture.
If tonsillitis caused by a virus infection in the body with its own will. If it is caused by streptococcus bacteria,
the doctor will probably prescribe an antibiotic. If so, make sure that your child completes the full course of treatment
in order to prevent complications.
For children who get tonsillitis often (more than 5-7 times during a 12-month period) or repeat infections over several
Years, doctors may recommend a tonsillectomy to remove the tonsils.
Caring for your child
Kids with tonsillitis need plenty of food and rest. If swallowing so painful that eating is difficult, try serving
Liquids and soft foods, such as soups, milkshakes, smoothies, ice pops or ice.
Make sure that your child drinks plenty of fluids and get plenty of rest, and take his or her temperature regularly. Use an
the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, to neck pain. Do not give aspirin or other products
Aspirin, though, because these children are at risk for Reye's syndrome, a disease that can have serious
Complications.
Keep your sick child's drinking glasses and eating utensils separate and wash them in hot soapy water. All Family
Members should wash their hands frequently.
If your child begins treatment with antibiotics for strep, throw his toothbrush and replace it with a new one.
Prevent tonsillitis
Try children away from someone who already make a tonsillitis or sore throat, and that everyone in your family
Good hand washing practices.
If your child symptoms of tonsillitis, call your doctor.
tetanus
Tetanus
Tetanus
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a serious but preventable disease that affects the muscles and nerves. They
Generally formed from a skin wound by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is often contaminated
found in the soil.
When the bacteria are in the body, they produce a neurotoxin (a protein which acts as a poison for the body's nervous system,
System) tetanospasmin the known causes muscle spasms. The toxin can through the body via the bloodstream
and lymphatic system. As it circulates more widely, the toxin interferes with the normal activity of nerves throughout the
Body, leading to generalized muscle spasms. Without treatment, tetanus can be fatal.
In the United States, most cases of tetanus a contaminated cut or deep puncture wound follow, like a wound caused by
Stepping on a nail. Sometimes the injuries are so small the person never sees a doctor. Injuries affecting the dead skin
(How, for example, burns, frostbite, gangrene or bruising) are more likely to cause tetanus. Wounds contaminated by earth,
Saliva or feces - especially if they are not properly cleaned - and skin punctures from nonsterile needles (such as with drugs
Use or self-performed tattooing or piercing) are also at increased risk.
Another form of tetanus, neonatal tetanus, occurs in newborns delivered in unsanitary conditions, especially if
the umbilical cord is contaminated. Before vaccination, neonatal tetanus was much more common in the
United States. Now routine immunizations for tetanus produce antibodies that mothers pass on their unborn babies. This
maternal antibodies and sanitary cord-care techniques newborn tetanus very rare in developed countries.
In fact, in general tetanus rare in the United States and other nations with tetanus vaccination programs - fewer
than 50 cases of tetanus each year in the United States. However, many developing countries have less
effective prevention and immunization against tetanus, so that the disease is much more common.
Signs and symptoms
Tetanus often begins with muscle spasms in the jaw (called trismus) and may be accompanied by difficulty in swallowing and
Stiffness or pain in the muscles of the neck, shoulders or back. These spasms can spread to the muscles of the abdomen,
Upper arms and thighs. The symptoms can occur anywhere from days to months after exposure to the bacteria.
Prevention
There are two important ways to prevent tetanus:
getting vaccinated against tetanus
after an injury that could cause tetanus, get a shot (post-exposure tetanus prophylaxis)
Tetanus vaccination part of DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) vaccine. Kids usually
receive a series of four doses of DTaP vaccine two years ago, followed by a booster dose at 4 to 6 years followed.
After that, a booster (Tdap) at 11 to 12 years is recommended, or later, when it was omitted, and then a tetanus and
Diphtheria booster every 10 years through adulthood. Pregnant women should also have a Tdap vaccine with each pregnancy,
even if they have been vaccinated in the past.
Neonatal tetanus can by ensuring that all pregnant women have their tetanus vaccinations are prevented by
Deliveries in hygienic conditions and by proper umbilical cord care. If you are pregnant, discuss your
Vaccination with your obstetrician also before maturity.
And be sure that children do not miss their appointments so that the vaccinations to be given time. As with all vaccinations
Schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. Your doctor will be the latest information.
Post-exposure tetanus prophylaxis also involves getting tetanus shots, but occurs after an injury. Shots will be given
depending on the number of the last booster since the patient, the total number of the patient tetanus vaccinations
is received, and the type of wound. The doctor can give you a tetanus booster (Td, DTaP or Tdap, depending on
Age of the patient and prior immunization) and / or an injection of tetanus immune globulin (TIG) neutralize any toxin
Released by the bacteria.
Each wound skin - especially a deep puncture or a wound that may be contaminated with feces, soil, or saliva - should
cleaned and dressed immediately. Although it is important to clean all wounds, remember that cleaning is not a substitute
for immunization.
Treatment
Physicians play an important role in the prevention of tetanus by making sure children vaccinations are up to date and providing
Post-exposure prophylaxis, when a child has a wound that is at risk for tetanus.
One child develop the tetanus, which will be treated in a hospital, usually in the intensive care unit (ICU). There is a child
Normally receives antibiotics against bacteria and TIG to kill to the toxin that the bacteria neutralize already been released.
The child will also receive medications to control muscle spasms and can support specific treatment to vital body functions
Functions.
When to call the doctor
If you are not sure if your children were immunized against tetanus, or if you know that they are not fully immunized,
call your doctor. If there had been more than 10 years ago that someone in your family has a tetanus booster, schedule a
Visit the office to get vaccinations up to date.
If the case of a flat tire or other deep wound, clean the wound and call the doctor to discuss whether your child should
receive post-exposure prophylaxis of tetanus. If your child develops lockjaw or muscle spasms - particularly after
Keeping a wound - seek medical attention immediately.
Tetanus
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a serious but preventable disease that affects the muscles and nerves. They
Generally formed from a skin wound by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is often contaminated
found in the soil.
When the bacteria are in the body, they produce a neurotoxin (a protein which acts as a poison for the body's nervous system,
System) tetanospasmin the known causes muscle spasms. The toxin can through the body via the bloodstream
and lymphatic system. As it circulates more widely, the toxin interferes with the normal activity of nerves throughout the
Body, leading to generalized muscle spasms. Without treatment, tetanus can be fatal.
In the United States, most cases of tetanus a contaminated cut or deep puncture wound follow, like a wound caused by
Stepping on a nail. Sometimes the injuries are so small the person never sees a doctor. Injuries affecting the dead skin
(How, for example, burns, frostbite, gangrene or bruising) are more likely to cause tetanus. Wounds contaminated by earth,
Saliva or feces - especially if they are not properly cleaned - and skin punctures from nonsterile needles (such as with drugs
Use or self-performed tattooing or piercing) are also at increased risk.
Another form of tetanus, neonatal tetanus, occurs in newborns delivered in unsanitary conditions, especially if
the umbilical cord is contaminated. Before vaccination, neonatal tetanus was much more common in the
United States. Now routine immunizations for tetanus produce antibodies that mothers pass on their unborn babies. This
maternal antibodies and sanitary cord-care techniques newborn tetanus very rare in developed countries.
In fact, in general tetanus rare in the United States and other nations with tetanus vaccination programs - fewer
than 50 cases of tetanus each year in the United States. However, many developing countries have less
effective prevention and immunization against tetanus, so that the disease is much more common.
Signs and symptoms
Tetanus often begins with muscle spasms in the jaw (called trismus) and may be accompanied by difficulty in swallowing and
Stiffness or pain in the muscles of the neck, shoulders or back. These spasms can spread to the muscles of the abdomen,
Upper arms and thighs. The symptoms can occur anywhere from days to months after exposure to the bacteria.
Prevention
There are two important ways to prevent tetanus:
getting vaccinated against tetanus
after an injury that could cause tetanus, get a shot (post-exposure tetanus prophylaxis)
Tetanus vaccination part of DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) vaccine. Kids usually
receive a series of four doses of DTaP vaccine two years ago, followed by a booster dose at 4 to 6 years followed.
After that, a booster (Tdap) at 11 to 12 years is recommended, or later, when it was omitted, and then a tetanus and
Diphtheria booster every 10 years through adulthood. Pregnant women should also have a Tdap vaccine with each pregnancy,
even if they have been vaccinated in the past.
Neonatal tetanus can by ensuring that all pregnant women have their tetanus vaccinations are prevented by
Deliveries in hygienic conditions and by proper umbilical cord care. If you are pregnant, discuss your
Vaccination with your obstetrician also before maturity.
And be sure that children do not miss their appointments so that the vaccinations to be given time. As with all vaccinations
Schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. Your doctor will be the latest information.
Post-exposure tetanus prophylaxis also involves getting tetanus shots, but occurs after an injury. Shots will be given
depending on the number of the last booster since the patient, the total number of the patient tetanus vaccinations
is received, and the type of wound. The doctor can give you a tetanus booster (Td, DTaP or Tdap, depending on
Age of the patient and prior immunization) and / or an injection of tetanus immune globulin (TIG) neutralize any toxin
Released by the bacteria.
Each wound skin - especially a deep puncture or a wound that may be contaminated with feces, soil, or saliva - should
cleaned and dressed immediately. Although it is important to clean all wounds, remember that cleaning is not a substitute
for immunization.
Treatment
Physicians play an important role in the prevention of tetanus by making sure children vaccinations are up to date and providing
Post-exposure prophylaxis, when a child has a wound that is at risk for tetanus.
One child develop the tetanus, which will be treated in a hospital, usually in the intensive care unit (ICU). There is a child
Normally receives antibiotics against bacteria and TIG to kill to the toxin that the bacteria neutralize already been released.
The child will also receive medications to control muscle spasms and can support specific treatment to vital body functions
Functions.
When to call the doctor
If you are not sure if your children were immunized against tetanus, or if you know that they are not fully immunized,
call your doctor. If there had been more than 10 years ago that someone in your family has a tetanus booster, schedule a
Visit the office to get vaccinations up to date.
If the case of a flat tire or other deep wound, clean the wound and call the doctor to discuss whether your child should
receive post-exposure prophylaxis of tetanus. If your child develops lockjaw or muscle spasms - particularly after
Keeping a wound - seek medical attention immediately.
syphilis
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which, if left untreated can lead to serious health problems and
increase the risk for getting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Syphilis can also be passed
from the mother to her baby during pregnancy and cause serious complications.
A syphilis infection at an early stage, can be treated with antibiotics, and can be prevented by preventing sexual contact
with someone who is infected. Unfortunately, people do not always know that they are infected so that each sex (oral,
anal or vaginal) should take precautions against STDs and screened regularly for them.
Symptoms
Syphilis, which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, often causes no symptoms in its early stages. But if left
untreated, it can progress to affect the entire body.
Syphilis typically three phases, and various symptoms in each.
Primary syphilis
The symptoms of the first phase of infection, primary syphilis usually occur 10 days to 3 months after the sexual
Contact with an infected person. A painless red sore called chancre can appear on the genitals in the area where the
Infection occurred. Enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands) could also be present in the area. Depending on the type of
sexual contact, a chancre might also develop on the mouth or in the rectal area. Chancre is the primary way that
Syphilis is transmitted between people, but often unrecognized. Even without treatment, chancres heal after 3
6 weeks, but if the infection is not treated, the disease to progress to the second stage.
Secondary syphilis
The secondary stage usually begins weeks to months after the chancre sore appears. Syphilis bacteria in the blood and
spread through the body, causing many different symptoms, including rash (small red spots), fever, headache, loss of
Loss of appetite, weight loss, sore throat, muscle pain, joint pain, malaise and enlarged lymph nodes.
The rash of secondary syphilis may develop anywhere on the body, including the palms and the soles.
Gray or white wart-like spots on the skin called condylomata can on the moist areas around the mouth, anus and appear
Vagina. These lesions are full of bacteria and very contagious.
The symptoms of secondary syphilis will eventually go away. But at this stage, syphilis can also affect the liver,
Kidneys and eyes, or cause meningitis. The symptoms of secondary syphilis will eventually go away, but without
Treatment, the infection can advance to the third stage. This also applies when an infected person does not have symptoms
primary or secondary syphilis.
Late (tertiary) syphilis
After the second stage, people with syphilis who did not progress to the latent stage treated, where they
no more symptoms, but still infected. Some of them go on the symptoms of late syphilis can appear many
Years later and can damage the eyes, large blood vessels, heart, bone, and central nervous system (called
neurosyphilis).
Symptoms of this late stage of syphilis include memory loss, problems with mental function, walking, balance, bladder
Control and vision, in addition to impotence and loss of feeling, especially in the legs.
Treatment
A doctor can test for syphilis with a physical examination and blood tests and treating them with antibiotics. The doctor may also
Check for other sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, chlamydia and HIV.
Anyone who is sexually active should consult a doctor to be screened for syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases. Someone who had sexual
Contact with a person who has syphilis, or has any symptom of the disease should be seen by a physician to test and
Treatment as early as possible.
Prevent STDs
Because syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, the best way to always avoid it is to refrain from having sex. Sexual activity with more
than one partner or with someone who has more than one sexual partner also increases the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease.
When properly and consistently used, condoms reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Latex condoms provide better protection than
natural membrane condoms. The female condom, made of polyurethane, is also considered effective against STDs.
With shower can actually increase a woman's risk of STDs because it can change the natural flora of the
Vagina and may flush bacteria higher into the genital tract.
Since many STDs often do not have obvious symptoms, people might not know if they are infected, sexually active
Teenagers should get screened regularly for sexually transmitted diseases, so that they no longer lead to other serious health problems.
A teen who is being treated for syphilis should be tested for other sexually transmitted diseases, and should time alone with the doctor
openly discuss issues like sexual activity. Not all young people will be comfortable talking with parents about these issues.
But it is important to encourage them to talk to a trusted adult who can provide facts.
Get help
If your child is thinking of getting sexually active or already has started having sex, is it important to discuss it.
Make sure your child knows how to spread sexually transmitted diseases (during anal, oral, or vaginal sex) and that these infections often
no symptoms, so a partner might have an STD without knowing it.
It can be difficult to talk about STDs, but as with any other medical issue, teens need this information to stay
safe and healthy. Give the facts and let your child know where you stand.
It is also important that all teens have regular full physical exams - which can screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Your teen
Maybe you want a gynecologist or a specialist in adolescent medicine, see talk about sexual health issues. Community
Health organizations and sexual counseling in your area could also provide guidance.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which, if left untreated can lead to serious health problems and
increase the risk for getting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Syphilis can also be passed
from the mother to her baby during pregnancy and cause serious complications.
A syphilis infection at an early stage, can be treated with antibiotics, and can be prevented by preventing sexual contact
with someone who is infected. Unfortunately, people do not always know that they are infected so that each sex (oral,
anal or vaginal) should take precautions against STDs and screened regularly for them.
Symptoms
Syphilis, which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, often causes no symptoms in its early stages. But if left
untreated, it can progress to affect the entire body.
Syphilis typically three phases, and various symptoms in each.
Primary syphilis
The symptoms of the first phase of infection, primary syphilis usually occur 10 days to 3 months after the sexual
Contact with an infected person. A painless red sore called chancre can appear on the genitals in the area where the
Infection occurred. Enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands) could also be present in the area. Depending on the type of
sexual contact, a chancre might also develop on the mouth or in the rectal area. Chancre is the primary way that
Syphilis is transmitted between people, but often unrecognized. Even without treatment, chancres heal after 3
6 weeks, but if the infection is not treated, the disease to progress to the second stage.
Secondary syphilis
The secondary stage usually begins weeks to months after the chancre sore appears. Syphilis bacteria in the blood and
spread through the body, causing many different symptoms, including rash (small red spots), fever, headache, loss of
Loss of appetite, weight loss, sore throat, muscle pain, joint pain, malaise and enlarged lymph nodes.
The rash of secondary syphilis may develop anywhere on the body, including the palms and the soles.
Gray or white wart-like spots on the skin called condylomata can on the moist areas around the mouth, anus and appear
Vagina. These lesions are full of bacteria and very contagious.
The symptoms of secondary syphilis will eventually go away. But at this stage, syphilis can also affect the liver,
Kidneys and eyes, or cause meningitis. The symptoms of secondary syphilis will eventually go away, but without
Treatment, the infection can advance to the third stage. This also applies when an infected person does not have symptoms
primary or secondary syphilis.
Late (tertiary) syphilis
After the second stage, people with syphilis who did not progress to the latent stage treated, where they
no more symptoms, but still infected. Some of them go on the symptoms of late syphilis can appear many
Years later and can damage the eyes, large blood vessels, heart, bone, and central nervous system (called
neurosyphilis).
Symptoms of this late stage of syphilis include memory loss, problems with mental function, walking, balance, bladder
Control and vision, in addition to impotence and loss of feeling, especially in the legs.
Treatment
A doctor can test for syphilis with a physical examination and blood tests and treating them with antibiotics. The doctor may also
Check for other sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, chlamydia and HIV.
Anyone who is sexually active should consult a doctor to be screened for syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases. Someone who had sexual
Contact with a person who has syphilis, or has any symptom of the disease should be seen by a physician to test and
Treatment as early as possible.
Prevent STDs
Because syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, the best way to always avoid it is to refrain from having sex. Sexual activity with more
than one partner or with someone who has more than one sexual partner also increases the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease.
When properly and consistently used, condoms reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Latex condoms provide better protection than
natural membrane condoms. The female condom, made of polyurethane, is also considered effective against STDs.
With shower can actually increase a woman's risk of STDs because it can change the natural flora of the
Vagina and may flush bacteria higher into the genital tract.
Since many STDs often do not have obvious symptoms, people might not know if they are infected, sexually active
Teenagers should get screened regularly for sexually transmitted diseases, so that they no longer lead to other serious health problems.
A teen who is being treated for syphilis should be tested for other sexually transmitted diseases, and should time alone with the doctor
openly discuss issues like sexual activity. Not all young people will be comfortable talking with parents about these issues.
But it is important to encourage them to talk to a trusted adult who can provide facts.
Get help
If your child is thinking of getting sexually active or already has started having sex, is it important to discuss it.
Make sure your child knows how to spread sexually transmitted diseases (during anal, oral, or vaginal sex) and that these infections often
no symptoms, so a partner might have an STD without knowing it.
It can be difficult to talk about STDs, but as with any other medical issue, teens need this information to stay
safe and healthy. Give the facts and let your child know where you stand.
It is also important that all teens have regular full physical exams - which can screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Your teen
Maybe you want a gynecologist or a specialist in adolescent medicine, see talk about sexual health issues. Community
Health organizations and sexual counseling in your area could also provide guidance.
Swimmer's ear (otitis externa)
Swimmer's ear (otitis externa)
About swimmer's ear
Otitis externa - commonly known as swimmer's ear - is an infection of the ear canal, the passage that carries sounds
from the outside of the body to the eardrum. It can be caused by many different types of bacteria or fungi.
The infection often occurs in children who spend a lot of time in the water. Too much moisture can cause irritation in the ear and
break the skin into the channel, such that bacteria or fungi from entering. For this reason, otitis externa occurs more
often in the summer when swimming is widespread.
But you do not have to swim to get swimmer's ear. Anything that causes a break in the skin of the ear canal can cause a
Infection. Dry skin or eczema, scratching the ear canal, vigorous ear cleaning with cotton swabs or
Inserting foreign objects such as hairpins or clips into the ear can all increase the risk of developing otitis
externa.
And if someone has a middle ear infection, pus collected in the middle ear into the ear canal through a hole in drain
the eardrum and cause otitis externa.
Signs and symptoms
The primary symptom of otitis externa is ear pain that can be severe and is worse when the outer part of the ear is
pulled or pushed on. It can also be painful to chew for someone with otitis externa. Sometimes the ear is itchy
before the pain begins.
Swelling of the ear canal, a child of a full or uncomfortable feeling in the ear could sue. The outer ear may
become reddened or swollen lymph nodes around the ear may become enlarged and tender. Some discharge from the ear
Channel is possible, it might clear and then cloudy, yellowish at first, and pus-like.
Hearing could be temporarily affected if pus and debris or swelling of the channel blocks the passage of sound in the
Ear. Fever is typical in most cases, and otitis externa is not contagious.
Prevention
With over-the-counter drops of a dilute solution of acetic acid or alcohol in the ears after swimming can help
Otitis externa, particularly if a child is susceptible to infection. These drops are available in pharmacies and should only
in children who are not used on ear tubes or a hole in the eardrum.
After the time in the water, children should gently dry their ears with a towel and help water run out by turning their ears
their heads to the side.
To avoid injury to the ear, children should not their ears cleaned. Also, never objects in children's ears,
including cotton swab.
Professional treatment
Treatment of otitis externa depends on the severity of the infection and how much pain the child feels. In most cases,
Your doctor may eardrops containing antibiotics to fight the infection, mixed with a steroid to reduce
Swelling of the ear canal. Ear drops are usually given several times a day for 7 to 10 days.
If the swelling of the ear canal makes it difficult to give the drops, the doctor may insert a wick to help in the channel,
take the medicine in the ear. In some cases, the physician must be taken under slight pus and debris from the ear
Cleaning or vacuuming. Thus the eardrops to work more effectively. For more severe infections, oral antibiotics
can also be specified, and the doctor can create a culture of some of the discharge from the ear to identify which
Bacteria and fungi causing the infection.
Over-the-counter pain relievers can often be used to manage pain, but if the pain is severe, prescription painkillers can
had to be. Once treatment has begun, your child will start to feel better in a day or two. Otitis externa is usually
healed within 7 to 10 days after initiation of treatment.
Home Treatment
Otitis externa should be treated by a doctor. If left untreated, the ear pain is worse and the infection can
to spread. To alleviate the pain until your child sees the doctor, you can against a warm washcloth or heating pad
the affected ear. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can also help ease discomfort.
At home, follow the doctor's instructions for managing ear drops and oral antibiotics if they are prescribed. It is
important to keep water out of your child's ear during the entire course of treatment. A shower cap provides protection
when showering or bathing, and your doctor may also recommend earplugs.
When to call the doctor
Call your doctor immediately if your child has any of the following: pain in the ear with or without fever, decreased
Hearing in one or both ears, or abnormal discharge from the ear.
About swimmer's ear
Otitis externa - commonly known as swimmer's ear - is an infection of the ear canal, the passage that carries sounds
from the outside of the body to the eardrum. It can be caused by many different types of bacteria or fungi.
The infection often occurs in children who spend a lot of time in the water. Too much moisture can cause irritation in the ear and
break the skin into the channel, such that bacteria or fungi from entering. For this reason, otitis externa occurs more
often in the summer when swimming is widespread.
But you do not have to swim to get swimmer's ear. Anything that causes a break in the skin of the ear canal can cause a
Infection. Dry skin or eczema, scratching the ear canal, vigorous ear cleaning with cotton swabs or
Inserting foreign objects such as hairpins or clips into the ear can all increase the risk of developing otitis
externa.
And if someone has a middle ear infection, pus collected in the middle ear into the ear canal through a hole in drain
the eardrum and cause otitis externa.
Signs and symptoms
The primary symptom of otitis externa is ear pain that can be severe and is worse when the outer part of the ear is
pulled or pushed on. It can also be painful to chew for someone with otitis externa. Sometimes the ear is itchy
before the pain begins.
Swelling of the ear canal, a child of a full or uncomfortable feeling in the ear could sue. The outer ear may
become reddened or swollen lymph nodes around the ear may become enlarged and tender. Some discharge from the ear
Channel is possible, it might clear and then cloudy, yellowish at first, and pus-like.
Hearing could be temporarily affected if pus and debris or swelling of the channel blocks the passage of sound in the
Ear. Fever is typical in most cases, and otitis externa is not contagious.
Prevention
With over-the-counter drops of a dilute solution of acetic acid or alcohol in the ears after swimming can help
Otitis externa, particularly if a child is susceptible to infection. These drops are available in pharmacies and should only
in children who are not used on ear tubes or a hole in the eardrum.
After the time in the water, children should gently dry their ears with a towel and help water run out by turning their ears
their heads to the side.
To avoid injury to the ear, children should not their ears cleaned. Also, never objects in children's ears,
including cotton swab.
Professional treatment
Treatment of otitis externa depends on the severity of the infection and how much pain the child feels. In most cases,
Your doctor may eardrops containing antibiotics to fight the infection, mixed with a steroid to reduce
Swelling of the ear canal. Ear drops are usually given several times a day for 7 to 10 days.
If the swelling of the ear canal makes it difficult to give the drops, the doctor may insert a wick to help in the channel,
take the medicine in the ear. In some cases, the physician must be taken under slight pus and debris from the ear
Cleaning or vacuuming. Thus the eardrops to work more effectively. For more severe infections, oral antibiotics
can also be specified, and the doctor can create a culture of some of the discharge from the ear to identify which
Bacteria and fungi causing the infection.
Over-the-counter pain relievers can often be used to manage pain, but if the pain is severe, prescription painkillers can
had to be. Once treatment has begun, your child will start to feel better in a day or two. Otitis externa is usually
healed within 7 to 10 days after initiation of treatment.
Home Treatment
Otitis externa should be treated by a doctor. If left untreated, the ear pain is worse and the infection can
to spread. To alleviate the pain until your child sees the doctor, you can against a warm washcloth or heating pad
the affected ear. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can also help ease discomfort.
At home, follow the doctor's instructions for managing ear drops and oral antibiotics if they are prescribed. It is
important to keep water out of your child's ear during the entire course of treatment. A shower cap provides protection
when showering or bathing, and your doctor may also recommend earplugs.
When to call the doctor
Call your doctor immediately if your child has any of the following: pain in the ear with or without fever, decreased
Hearing in one or both ears, or abnormal discharge from the ear.
Strep Throat
Strep Throat
The symptoms of strep throat, which is very common in children and adolescents, are fever, abdominal pain, and red, swollen
Almonds.
Strep throat usually requires treatment with antibiotics. With the proper medical care - along with plenty of rest and
Fluids - a child should be back to school and play within a few days.
How Strep Throat spreads
Anyone can get strep throat, but it is most common in school-age children and adolescents. These infections often occur during
the school year, when large groups of children and young people are in close quarters.
The bacteria that strep throat (group A streptococcus) can cause hang in the nose and throat, so normal
Activities such as sneezing, coughing, or shaking hands can easily spread infection from one person to another.
That is why it is so important to teach children the importance of hand washing - good hygiene can reduce their chances
always contagious diseases like strep throat.
Strep Throat vs. Sore Throat
Not all sore throats are strep throats. Most episodes of sore throat - which can be accompanied by a runny nose, cough,
Hoarseness, and red eyes - are caused by viruses and usually clear up on their own without medical treatment.
A child with strep throat starts to other symptoms within about 3 days to develop, such as:
red and white patches in the throat
Swallowing
tender or swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the neck
Red and enlarged tonsils
Headaches
lower stomach pain
Fever
general discomfort, uneasiness or discomfort
Loss of appetite and nausea
Deflection
Diagnosis
If your child has a sore throat and other strep throat symptoms, call your doctor. The doctor will probably make a quick
Streptococcal test in the office, with a cotton swab to take a sample of the fluid at the back of the throat. The test only
It takes about 5 minutes.
If it is positive, your child has strep throat. If it is negative, the doctor will send a sample to a lab for a throat
Culture. The results are usually available within a few days.
Treatment
In most cases, doctors prescribe about 10 days of antibiotic drugs for the treatment of sore throat. Within about 24 hours
after starting on antibiotics, your child will probably have no more fever and therefore not contagious. After the second or
third day after taking antibiotics, the other symptoms should start to go away, too. Even if you feel better, your child
should finish the antibiotics as prescribed. If he or she keeps taking antibiotics too soon, bacteria can remain in the
Throat and symptoms can return.
Sometimes a doctor may decide to treat strep throat with an antibiotic shot, without giving any medication.
A person whose throat infection is not treated very contagious when the symptoms may remain the most difficult, but
contagious for up to 21 days. Lack of treatment - or not completing the prescribed course of antibiotics - can also put
someone at risk for other health problems, such as rheumatic fever (which can cause permanent damage to the heart),
Scarlet fever, blood infections, or kidney disease.
To your sick child to avoid spreading strep throat to others in your home, you should his or her eating utensils, dishes,
and drinking glasses separate from other 'and wash them in hot soapy water after each use. So, make sure that your child
does not share food, drinks, napkins, handkerchiefs, or towels with other family members.
Make sure your child covers his mouth and nose during a sneeze or cough to prevent passing infectious fluid
Droplets to others. Also, your child's toothbrush was throwing started after antibiotic treatment and he or she
is no longer contagious, and make sure that your child uses a new.
Caring for your child
You can help your child feel better while battling strep throat. Give plenty of fluids, such as prevent dehydration
such as water or ginger ale, especially if he or she has a fever. Avoid orange juice, grapefruit juice, lemonade or other
acidic beverages that can irritate a sore throat. Warm liquids like soups, sweetened tea, or hot chocolate can
reassuring.
As the recovery progresses, talk to your doctor if your child return to school and other routine activities.
The symptoms of strep throat, which is very common in children and adolescents, are fever, abdominal pain, and red, swollen
Almonds.
Strep throat usually requires treatment with antibiotics. With the proper medical care - along with plenty of rest and
Fluids - a child should be back to school and play within a few days.
How Strep Throat spreads
Anyone can get strep throat, but it is most common in school-age children and adolescents. These infections often occur during
the school year, when large groups of children and young people are in close quarters.
The bacteria that strep throat (group A streptococcus) can cause hang in the nose and throat, so normal
Activities such as sneezing, coughing, or shaking hands can easily spread infection from one person to another.
That is why it is so important to teach children the importance of hand washing - good hygiene can reduce their chances
always contagious diseases like strep throat.
Strep Throat vs. Sore Throat
Not all sore throats are strep throats. Most episodes of sore throat - which can be accompanied by a runny nose, cough,
Hoarseness, and red eyes - are caused by viruses and usually clear up on their own without medical treatment.
A child with strep throat starts to other symptoms within about 3 days to develop, such as:
red and white patches in the throat
Swallowing
tender or swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the neck
Red and enlarged tonsils
Headaches
lower stomach pain
Fever
general discomfort, uneasiness or discomfort
Loss of appetite and nausea
Deflection
Diagnosis
If your child has a sore throat and other strep throat symptoms, call your doctor. The doctor will probably make a quick
Streptococcal test in the office, with a cotton swab to take a sample of the fluid at the back of the throat. The test only
It takes about 5 minutes.
If it is positive, your child has strep throat. If it is negative, the doctor will send a sample to a lab for a throat
Culture. The results are usually available within a few days.
Treatment
In most cases, doctors prescribe about 10 days of antibiotic drugs for the treatment of sore throat. Within about 24 hours
after starting on antibiotics, your child will probably have no more fever and therefore not contagious. After the second or
third day after taking antibiotics, the other symptoms should start to go away, too. Even if you feel better, your child
should finish the antibiotics as prescribed. If he or she keeps taking antibiotics too soon, bacteria can remain in the
Throat and symptoms can return.
Sometimes a doctor may decide to treat strep throat with an antibiotic shot, without giving any medication.
A person whose throat infection is not treated very contagious when the symptoms may remain the most difficult, but
contagious for up to 21 days. Lack of treatment - or not completing the prescribed course of antibiotics - can also put
someone at risk for other health problems, such as rheumatic fever (which can cause permanent damage to the heart),
Scarlet fever, blood infections, or kidney disease.
To your sick child to avoid spreading strep throat to others in your home, you should his or her eating utensils, dishes,
and drinking glasses separate from other 'and wash them in hot soapy water after each use. So, make sure that your child
does not share food, drinks, napkins, handkerchiefs, or towels with other family members.
Make sure your child covers his mouth and nose during a sneeze or cough to prevent passing infectious fluid
Droplets to others. Also, your child's toothbrush was throwing started after antibiotic treatment and he or she
is no longer contagious, and make sure that your child uses a new.
Caring for your child
You can help your child feel better while battling strep throat. Give plenty of fluids, such as prevent dehydration
such as water or ginger ale, especially if he or she has a fever. Avoid orange juice, grapefruit juice, lemonade or other
acidic beverages that can irritate a sore throat. Warm liquids like soups, sweetened tea, or hot chocolate can
reassuring.
As the recovery progresses, talk to your doctor if your child return to school and other routine activities.
Staph Infections
Staph Infections
About Staph Infections
Staph infections are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which many healthy people carry on their skin and in
their noses, without ill.
But when the skin is punctured or broken, staph bacteria can cause infections in the wound and the other can lead
health problems.
You can help prevent staph infections in your family by encouraging regular hand washing and daily bathing and
hold areas that have been cut clean or covered.
How spread staph infections
Staph bacteria can spread to humans through contaminated surfaces, and from person. Children of a staph bacteria carry
Area of their body to another - and pass it on to other people - via dirty hands or fingernails. As good hand washing
crucial to avoid staph infections.
It is also important to the kids to clean their skin with a daily bath or shower. If your child has a skin
Condition such as eczema, which makes frequent bathing, ask your doctor for advice.
Causes as cuts, scrapes, and rashes due to allergic reactions or poison ivy - Keep areas of skin that have been injured
- Clean and covered, and follow your doctor's instructions.
Complications of Staph Infections
Staph bacteria can cause toxic shock syndrome, cellulitis, staphylococcal food poisoning, and these infections:
Folliculitis and furuncle
Folliculitis is an infection of the hair follicles, tiny pockets under the skin where hair shafts (strands) grow. In
Folliculitis, tiny white-headed pimples appear at the base of the hair shafts, sometimes with a small red area around each
Pimples. This infection often occurs in areas where there has been friction or irritation, as with shaving.
Folliculitis often clears up on its own with good skin hygiene. Sometimes it can currently be at a boil, or a
cook. With a boil, the staph infection spreads deeper and wider, often affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissue (deeper
Tissue under the skin) and the oil-producing glands, called the sebaceous glands.
In the first stage, missing parents and children often in the skin either begins to itch or pain is mild.
Next, the skin turns red and begins to swell over the infected area. Finally, the skin is about the infection very
Tender and a whitish "head" appear. The head may break, and the cooking can begin, pus, blood flow or an amber-
colored liquid. Boils can occur anywhere on the skin, especially under the arms or in the groin or buttocks in children.
To relieve pain from a boil, try warm water soaks, a heating pad or hot water bottle applied to the skin for
about 20 minutes three or four times a day. Make certain that the used washcloth soaked for washed after each use.
Boils are occasionally treated with oral antibiotics and in some cases have to be drained surgically.
Impetigo
Impetigo skin can affect anywhere on the body but commonly occurs around the nose and mouth. It usually affects
Preschoolers and school-age children, especially in the summer months.
Impetigo caused by staph bacteria is characterized by large bubbles, the liquid, the first clear, then cloudy.
The blisters burst, ooze fluid, and develop a honey-colored crust. Impetigo may itch and can be spread by scratching.
Doctors usually treat an ointment, and depending on the severity, add oral antibiotics.
MRSA
You can Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have heard of a type of staph bacteria with resistance
used to the antibiotics in general to treat staphylococcal infections. Although MRSA infections can be harder to treat, in most cases
they heal with proper care.
Most MRSA infections involve the skin, but sometimes MRSA can cause serious problems, such as bone infections, for example, or
Pneumonia. MRSA pneumonia is rare, but is more of a risk for children already suffering from the flu.
Scalded skin syndrome
Scalded skin syndrome (SSS) most often affects infants and children under 5 years. The disease usually begins with a localized
Staphylococcal infection of the skin, but the staph bacteria produce a toxin that affects the skin all over the body. The child has a
Fever, rash, and sometimes blisters. As bubbles burst and the rash happens, the top layer of skin is removed and the
Skin is red and raw, like a fire.
SSS is a serious disease that must be treated and monitored in a hospital. It acts on the body in the same manner as
severe burns. After treatment, most children make a full recovery.
Treatment of Staph Infections
Most localized skin infections caused by Staph washing the skin with an antibacterial cleaning treatment, warm impregnating
Application of an antibiotic ointment prescribed by the doctor, while the skin with a clean bandage. Thus, the
Infection spread, a towel, or even if you just enjoy clean an area of infected skin, then wash it.
Your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for your child's staph infection of the skin. If so, give the antibiotic on
Schedule for as many days as the doctor directs. More serious staph infections may require hospitalization.
Call the doctor if your child has an area of red, irritated or painful skin, especially if you see whitish pus-
filled areas or your child has a fever or feels sick. Also call the doctor if skin infections seem to be passing out
one family member to another, or if two or more family members have skin infections at the same time.
About Staph Infections
Staph infections are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which many healthy people carry on their skin and in
their noses, without ill.
But when the skin is punctured or broken, staph bacteria can cause infections in the wound and the other can lead
health problems.
You can help prevent staph infections in your family by encouraging regular hand washing and daily bathing and
hold areas that have been cut clean or covered.
How spread staph infections
Staph bacteria can spread to humans through contaminated surfaces, and from person. Children of a staph bacteria carry
Area of their body to another - and pass it on to other people - via dirty hands or fingernails. As good hand washing
crucial to avoid staph infections.
It is also important to the kids to clean their skin with a daily bath or shower. If your child has a skin
Condition such as eczema, which makes frequent bathing, ask your doctor for advice.
Causes as cuts, scrapes, and rashes due to allergic reactions or poison ivy - Keep areas of skin that have been injured
- Clean and covered, and follow your doctor's instructions.
Complications of Staph Infections
Staph bacteria can cause toxic shock syndrome, cellulitis, staphylococcal food poisoning, and these infections:
Folliculitis and furuncle
Folliculitis is an infection of the hair follicles, tiny pockets under the skin where hair shafts (strands) grow. In
Folliculitis, tiny white-headed pimples appear at the base of the hair shafts, sometimes with a small red area around each
Pimples. This infection often occurs in areas where there has been friction or irritation, as with shaving.
Folliculitis often clears up on its own with good skin hygiene. Sometimes it can currently be at a boil, or a
cook. With a boil, the staph infection spreads deeper and wider, often affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissue (deeper
Tissue under the skin) and the oil-producing glands, called the sebaceous glands.
In the first stage, missing parents and children often in the skin either begins to itch or pain is mild.
Next, the skin turns red and begins to swell over the infected area. Finally, the skin is about the infection very
Tender and a whitish "head" appear. The head may break, and the cooking can begin, pus, blood flow or an amber-
colored liquid. Boils can occur anywhere on the skin, especially under the arms or in the groin or buttocks in children.
To relieve pain from a boil, try warm water soaks, a heating pad or hot water bottle applied to the skin for
about 20 minutes three or four times a day. Make certain that the used washcloth soaked for washed after each use.
Boils are occasionally treated with oral antibiotics and in some cases have to be drained surgically.
Impetigo
Impetigo skin can affect anywhere on the body but commonly occurs around the nose and mouth. It usually affects
Preschoolers and school-age children, especially in the summer months.
Impetigo caused by staph bacteria is characterized by large bubbles, the liquid, the first clear, then cloudy.
The blisters burst, ooze fluid, and develop a honey-colored crust. Impetigo may itch and can be spread by scratching.
Doctors usually treat an ointment, and depending on the severity, add oral antibiotics.
MRSA
You can Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have heard of a type of staph bacteria with resistance
used to the antibiotics in general to treat staphylococcal infections. Although MRSA infections can be harder to treat, in most cases
they heal with proper care.
Most MRSA infections involve the skin, but sometimes MRSA can cause serious problems, such as bone infections, for example, or
Pneumonia. MRSA pneumonia is rare, but is more of a risk for children already suffering from the flu.
Scalded skin syndrome
Scalded skin syndrome (SSS) most often affects infants and children under 5 years. The disease usually begins with a localized
Staphylococcal infection of the skin, but the staph bacteria produce a toxin that affects the skin all over the body. The child has a
Fever, rash, and sometimes blisters. As bubbles burst and the rash happens, the top layer of skin is removed and the
Skin is red and raw, like a fire.
SSS is a serious disease that must be treated and monitored in a hospital. It acts on the body in the same manner as
severe burns. After treatment, most children make a full recovery.
Treatment of Staph Infections
Most localized skin infections caused by Staph washing the skin with an antibacterial cleaning treatment, warm impregnating
Application of an antibiotic ointment prescribed by the doctor, while the skin with a clean bandage. Thus, the
Infection spread, a towel, or even if you just enjoy clean an area of infected skin, then wash it.
Your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for your child's staph infection of the skin. If so, give the antibiotic on
Schedule for as many days as the doctor directs. More serious staph infections may require hospitalization.
Call the doctor if your child has an area of red, irritated or painful skin, especially if you see whitish pus-
filled areas or your child has a fever or feels sick. Also call the doctor if skin infections seem to be passing out
one family member to another, or if two or more family members have skin infections at the same time.
shingles
Shingles
A bout of chickenpox used to be a rite of passage in childhood. Because the vaccine against varicella-zoster protection
Virus (VZV) were available, most children can now avoid this itchy infection.
But anyone who has had chickenpox can develop shingles later - even children. The good news is that shingles is pretty
rare in children and young people with healthy immune systems.
Shingles Basics
Shingles, or herpes zoster and herpes zoster, is a skin rash caused by a viral infection of the nerve below the
Skin. Shingles usually in a narrow strip of irritated skin and blisters on one side of the chest or back, but it can
occur anywhere on the body, including the face and around the eyes.
Many cases of shingles have mild symptoms, but more severe cases can be very painful. Fortunately, most children and young people
always mild cases, which usually happen only severe cases in older people.
Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox, so it is very contagious, meaning it can be easy for a
Child to the virus to others who happen not immune to chicken pox. This includes those who are not already had chickenpox
or get the chickenpox vaccine. However, if someone else is infected, it will not get shingles. You get chickenpox
instead.
An episode of shingles is usually run their course and disappear in less than a month. Although some shingles flare-up
Usually resolves on its own, treatments can reduce a child's risk of complications and help him or her heal faster.
Causes
Shingles and chickenpox are both caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The virus in the herpes viruses, the related
cause cold sores and genital herpes, shingles and therefore is sometimes called herpes zoster is.
After a person has had chickenpox, the virus stays in that person nervous system for the rest of his life, even
when the chicken pox goes away. The virus can remain dormant there, or sleep for years. For many people, it will never
be heard from again. But in about 1 million Americans a year, it flares up and causes shingles. It is possible to obtain
Shingles more than once, although rather rare.
Doctors are not sure why the virus suddenly flares up again after months or years of inactivity. It could be because our
Immune system more susceptible to infection, as we age, which could explain why shingles is more common in older
Adults.
Children who have had chickenpox before by a greater risk of developing shingles if their immune systems have been weakened
Diseases such as AIDS or cancer or certain medications.
Symptoms
In many cases, the first symptom of shingles will be tingling, itching and sometimes pain in the area where the rash is
will appear. This can be frustrating: Your child may itch, but you'll have no idea what is causing it.
If the rash appears eventually, it starts as a group of dots on one side of the body or face. Change the pimples
Pus-filled blisters that break open and scab over in about 7 to 10 days. Once the blisters are crusted over, they start
to heal. Heal the scabs fall off and usually about 2 to 4 weeks after the rash appears.
Some children with shingles may also experience a fever, headache, fatigue and general achiness. In rare cases, a child
experience the pain of shingles without a rash.
Some people have more severe symptoms, but usually happen in people over 50 years.
Complications
Most cases of shingles will heal on their own, with or without treatment, and will not lead to other problems. In rare
Cases, shingles can lead to complications, including:
Ongoing pain (post-herpetic neuralgia): Damaged nerve fibers in the skin send confused messages to the brain, leading to
Pain that can go for a long time after a shingles rash has disappeared.
Vision problems: If shingles occurs near or in a child's eye, it can lead to vision loss.
Infections of the skin: A shingles rash infected with bacteria, leading to impetigo or cellulitis.
Nervous system disorders: Shingles on the face it can connect to different nerves leading to the brain. This in turn
lead to nerve problems such as facial paralysis, hearing problems, and problems with balance. In very rare cases,
Shingles can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Diagnosis
If you think your child might have shingles, call a doctor. If there is a chance your child might have shingles on the
Face, it is really important for the infection to keep a doctor's help immediately from spreading to the eyes.
If your child has a weakened immune system, call a doctor immediately to avoid complications.
Usually, a doctor can diagnose shingles only by examining a child's rash and blisters. In rare cases, the doctor
Remove a small sample of the infected tissue to be investigated in a laboratory.
Treatment
Not all children who need treatment get shingles. But if the doctor decides a treatment can help, it should be started
soon as possible.
Antiviral drugs can not eliminate the virus from the body, but they can reduce the chances of complications and to an acceleration
the healing process. The earlier treatment program is started, the more effective it will be, and the less risk there
is of complications. Talk to your doctor about whether medication could be helpful for your child.
To treat the pain associated with shingles, doctors may prescribe a cream, spray or patches, to numb the skin and make
it hurt less. Some prescription and over-the-counter medications can also help to treat the pain. Do not give your child or
Teen aspirin, though, as it can cause a rare but serious illness called Reye's syndrome.
If a case is accompanied by itching of shingles, your doctor may recommend medicated lotions or drugs as
Antihistamines.
To alleviate the symptoms at home, keep the affected area clean. Wash it with a mild soap and water and apply cool, wet
compressed to several times a day to reduce the pain and itching blisters. Oatmeal baths can also bring relief.
To prevent the spread of the virus to others, keep your child's rash at all times.
Prevention
It is not possible to completely prevent shingles. The chickenpox vaccine shingles can be a less serious. So, if
Your child has not had chickenpox, it is not too late to ask your doctor about getting the chickenpox vaccine.
There is a vaccine against shingles, but doctors usually just give it to older adults. This is partly because the older
someone has to be the more severe shingles. Children are hardly be seriously affected by shingles.
Children who get a shingles rash, which can not be fully covered should be kept out of school and child care until the
Blisters are dry and scabbed over.
Newborns should pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, and who is not immune to chickenpox
Avoid close contact with someone who has shingles until the rash is completely healed.
A bout of chickenpox used to be a rite of passage in childhood. Because the vaccine against varicella-zoster protection
Virus (VZV) were available, most children can now avoid this itchy infection.
But anyone who has had chickenpox can develop shingles later - even children. The good news is that shingles is pretty
rare in children and young people with healthy immune systems.
Shingles Basics
Shingles, or herpes zoster and herpes zoster, is a skin rash caused by a viral infection of the nerve below the
Skin. Shingles usually in a narrow strip of irritated skin and blisters on one side of the chest or back, but it can
occur anywhere on the body, including the face and around the eyes.
Many cases of shingles have mild symptoms, but more severe cases can be very painful. Fortunately, most children and young people
always mild cases, which usually happen only severe cases in older people.
Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox, so it is very contagious, meaning it can be easy for a
Child to the virus to others who happen not immune to chicken pox. This includes those who are not already had chickenpox
or get the chickenpox vaccine. However, if someone else is infected, it will not get shingles. You get chickenpox
instead.
An episode of shingles is usually run their course and disappear in less than a month. Although some shingles flare-up
Usually resolves on its own, treatments can reduce a child's risk of complications and help him or her heal faster.
Causes
Shingles and chickenpox are both caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The virus in the herpes viruses, the related
cause cold sores and genital herpes, shingles and therefore is sometimes called herpes zoster is.
After a person has had chickenpox, the virus stays in that person nervous system for the rest of his life, even
when the chicken pox goes away. The virus can remain dormant there, or sleep for years. For many people, it will never
be heard from again. But in about 1 million Americans a year, it flares up and causes shingles. It is possible to obtain
Shingles more than once, although rather rare.
Doctors are not sure why the virus suddenly flares up again after months or years of inactivity. It could be because our
Immune system more susceptible to infection, as we age, which could explain why shingles is more common in older
Adults.
Children who have had chickenpox before by a greater risk of developing shingles if their immune systems have been weakened
Diseases such as AIDS or cancer or certain medications.
Symptoms
In many cases, the first symptom of shingles will be tingling, itching and sometimes pain in the area where the rash is
will appear. This can be frustrating: Your child may itch, but you'll have no idea what is causing it.
If the rash appears eventually, it starts as a group of dots on one side of the body or face. Change the pimples
Pus-filled blisters that break open and scab over in about 7 to 10 days. Once the blisters are crusted over, they start
to heal. Heal the scabs fall off and usually about 2 to 4 weeks after the rash appears.
Some children with shingles may also experience a fever, headache, fatigue and general achiness. In rare cases, a child
experience the pain of shingles without a rash.
Some people have more severe symptoms, but usually happen in people over 50 years.
Complications
Most cases of shingles will heal on their own, with or without treatment, and will not lead to other problems. In rare
Cases, shingles can lead to complications, including:
Ongoing pain (post-herpetic neuralgia): Damaged nerve fibers in the skin send confused messages to the brain, leading to
Pain that can go for a long time after a shingles rash has disappeared.
Vision problems: If shingles occurs near or in a child's eye, it can lead to vision loss.
Infections of the skin: A shingles rash infected with bacteria, leading to impetigo or cellulitis.
Nervous system disorders: Shingles on the face it can connect to different nerves leading to the brain. This in turn
lead to nerve problems such as facial paralysis, hearing problems, and problems with balance. In very rare cases,
Shingles can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Diagnosis
If you think your child might have shingles, call a doctor. If there is a chance your child might have shingles on the
Face, it is really important for the infection to keep a doctor's help immediately from spreading to the eyes.
If your child has a weakened immune system, call a doctor immediately to avoid complications.
Usually, a doctor can diagnose shingles only by examining a child's rash and blisters. In rare cases, the doctor
Remove a small sample of the infected tissue to be investigated in a laboratory.
Treatment
Not all children who need treatment get shingles. But if the doctor decides a treatment can help, it should be started
soon as possible.
Antiviral drugs can not eliminate the virus from the body, but they can reduce the chances of complications and to an acceleration
the healing process. The earlier treatment program is started, the more effective it will be, and the less risk there
is of complications. Talk to your doctor about whether medication could be helpful for your child.
To treat the pain associated with shingles, doctors may prescribe a cream, spray or patches, to numb the skin and make
it hurt less. Some prescription and over-the-counter medications can also help to treat the pain. Do not give your child or
Teen aspirin, though, as it can cause a rare but serious illness called Reye's syndrome.
If a case is accompanied by itching of shingles, your doctor may recommend medicated lotions or drugs as
Antihistamines.
To alleviate the symptoms at home, keep the affected area clean. Wash it with a mild soap and water and apply cool, wet
compressed to several times a day to reduce the pain and itching blisters. Oatmeal baths can also bring relief.
To prevent the spread of the virus to others, keep your child's rash at all times.
Prevention
It is not possible to completely prevent shingles. The chickenpox vaccine shingles can be a less serious. So, if
Your child has not had chickenpox, it is not too late to ask your doctor about getting the chickenpox vaccine.
There is a vaccine against shingles, but doctors usually just give it to older adults. This is partly because the older
someone has to be the more severe shingles. Children are hardly be seriously affected by shingles.
Children who get a shingles rash, which can not be fully covered should be kept out of school and child care until the
Blisters are dry and scabbed over.
Newborns should pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, and who is not immune to chickenpox
Avoid close contact with someone who has shingles until the rash is completely healed.
Shigella infections
Shigella infections
About
Shigella are bacteria that infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramps,
Vomiting and nausea, to more serious complications and diseases. Infections, called shigellosis, sometimes go away on
their own, in other antibiotics can shorten the course of disease.
Shigellosis, which is most common during the summer months, usually affects children infected 2 to 4 years old and rarely
Infants younger than 6 months old.
These infections are highly contagious and can be prevented with good hand washing practices.
Signs and symptoms
Shigella bacteria produce toxins that can attack the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling, ulcers on the
Intestinal wall, and bloody diarrhea.
The severity of the diarrhea sets shigellosis apart from regular diarrhea. In children with shigellosis, the first bowel
Movement is often large and watery. Later bowel movements may be smaller, but the diarrhea may have blood and mucus in
it.
Other symptoms of shigellosis include:
Abdominal cramps
high fever
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
painful bowel movements
In very severe cases of shigellosis, a person may have convulsions (seizures), a stiff neck, headache, extreme
Fatigue and confusion. Shigellosis can also lead to dehydration and in rare cases, other complications, such as
Arthritis, skin rashes, and kidney failure.
Some children with severe cases of shigellosis have to be hospitalized.
Contagiousness
Shigellosis is highly contagious. Someone can become infected by contact with something contaminated
Stool of an infected person. This includes toys, surfaces in restrooms and even food from someone who is willing
infected. For example, put children to touch a contaminated surface like a toilet or toy and then her fingers in the
Mouths can become infected. Shigella can even have supported and spread by flies that touches contaminated stool.
Because it does not take many Shigella bacteria to cause an infection, the disease spreads easily in families and
Day care centers. The bacteria can spread by poor hygiene in the water supply in areas. Shigella can be passed
in the person of stool for about 4 weeks, even after the obvious symptoms of the disease have resolved (although antibiotic
Treatment, the excretion of Shigella bacteria in the stool).
Prevention
The best way to prevent the spread, Shigella is by frequent and thorough hand washing with soap, especially after they
using the toilet and before they eat. This is particularly important in child care facilities.
When a child has diarrhea care, wash your hands before touching other people and before handling food.
(Anyone with diarrhea should be no food for others.) Be sure to frequently clean and disinfect all toilets used by
someone with shigellosis.
Diapers of a child with shigellosis should be disposed of in a sealed trash can, and the diaper area should be wiped
with the disinfectant after use. Young children (especially those who are still in diapers) with shigellosis or with diarrhea after a
Cause should be kept from other children.
The proper handling, storage and preparation of food can also help prevent Shigella infections. Cold foods should be kept
cold and hot foods should be kept hot to prevent bacterial growth.
Diagnosis and Treatment
In order to confirm the diagnosis of shigellosis, your doctor may prescribe a stool sample to be tested for Shigella bacteria. Blood
Tests and other tests may be other possible causes of the symptoms, especially if your child has a large
Amount of blood in the stool.
Some cases of shigellosis not require treatment, but antibiotics are often added to reduce the disease and to prevent
the spread of bacteria to other.
If the doctor prescribes antibiotics, give, as prescribed. Avoid putting your child nonprescription medicines for
Vomiting or diarrhea, if the doctor recommends them, as they may prolong the illness. Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol)
given to reduce fever and your child will be more comfortable.
To prevent dehydration, follow your doctor's advice about what your child is eating and drinking. Your doctor can
recommend a special drink called an oral rehydration solution, or ORS (such as Pedialyte) to replace body fluids
quickly, especially if the diarrhea has lasted 2 or 3 days or more.
Children who have moderately or severely dehydrated or those with other serious illnesses may be
Hospital to be monitored and receive treatment such as intravenous (IV) infusion therapy or antibiotics.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child has symptoms of Shigella infection, including diarrhea with blood or mucus, accompanied by
Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, or high fever.
Children with diarrhea can dehydrate quickly, which can lead to serious complications. Signs of dehydration include:
Greed
Excitability
Restlessness
Lethargy
dry mouth, tongue and lips
sunken eyes
a dry diaper for several hours in infants or fewer trips to the bathroom to urinate in older children
If you see any of these signs, call the doctor immediately.
About
Shigella are bacteria that infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramps,
Vomiting and nausea, to more serious complications and diseases. Infections, called shigellosis, sometimes go away on
their own, in other antibiotics can shorten the course of disease.
Shigellosis, which is most common during the summer months, usually affects children infected 2 to 4 years old and rarely
Infants younger than 6 months old.
These infections are highly contagious and can be prevented with good hand washing practices.
Signs and symptoms
Shigella bacteria produce toxins that can attack the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling, ulcers on the
Intestinal wall, and bloody diarrhea.
The severity of the diarrhea sets shigellosis apart from regular diarrhea. In children with shigellosis, the first bowel
Movement is often large and watery. Later bowel movements may be smaller, but the diarrhea may have blood and mucus in
it.
Other symptoms of shigellosis include:
Abdominal cramps
high fever
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
painful bowel movements
In very severe cases of shigellosis, a person may have convulsions (seizures), a stiff neck, headache, extreme
Fatigue and confusion. Shigellosis can also lead to dehydration and in rare cases, other complications, such as
Arthritis, skin rashes, and kidney failure.
Some children with severe cases of shigellosis have to be hospitalized.
Contagiousness
Shigellosis is highly contagious. Someone can become infected by contact with something contaminated
Stool of an infected person. This includes toys, surfaces in restrooms and even food from someone who is willing
infected. For example, put children to touch a contaminated surface like a toilet or toy and then her fingers in the
Mouths can become infected. Shigella can even have supported and spread by flies that touches contaminated stool.
Because it does not take many Shigella bacteria to cause an infection, the disease spreads easily in families and
Day care centers. The bacteria can spread by poor hygiene in the water supply in areas. Shigella can be passed
in the person of stool for about 4 weeks, even after the obvious symptoms of the disease have resolved (although antibiotic
Treatment, the excretion of Shigella bacteria in the stool).
Prevention
The best way to prevent the spread, Shigella is by frequent and thorough hand washing with soap, especially after they
using the toilet and before they eat. This is particularly important in child care facilities.
When a child has diarrhea care, wash your hands before touching other people and before handling food.
(Anyone with diarrhea should be no food for others.) Be sure to frequently clean and disinfect all toilets used by
someone with shigellosis.
Diapers of a child with shigellosis should be disposed of in a sealed trash can, and the diaper area should be wiped
with the disinfectant after use. Young children (especially those who are still in diapers) with shigellosis or with diarrhea after a
Cause should be kept from other children.
The proper handling, storage and preparation of food can also help prevent Shigella infections. Cold foods should be kept
cold and hot foods should be kept hot to prevent bacterial growth.
Diagnosis and Treatment
In order to confirm the diagnosis of shigellosis, your doctor may prescribe a stool sample to be tested for Shigella bacteria. Blood
Tests and other tests may be other possible causes of the symptoms, especially if your child has a large
Amount of blood in the stool.
Some cases of shigellosis not require treatment, but antibiotics are often added to reduce the disease and to prevent
the spread of bacteria to other.
If the doctor prescribes antibiotics, give, as prescribed. Avoid putting your child nonprescription medicines for
Vomiting or diarrhea, if the doctor recommends them, as they may prolong the illness. Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol)
given to reduce fever and your child will be more comfortable.
To prevent dehydration, follow your doctor's advice about what your child is eating and drinking. Your doctor can
recommend a special drink called an oral rehydration solution, or ORS (such as Pedialyte) to replace body fluids
quickly, especially if the diarrhea has lasted 2 or 3 days or more.
Children who have moderately or severely dehydrated or those with other serious illnesses may be
Hospital to be monitored and receive treatment such as intravenous (IV) infusion therapy or antibiotics.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child has symptoms of Shigella infection, including diarrhea with blood or mucus, accompanied by
Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, or high fever.
Children with diarrhea can dehydrate quickly, which can lead to serious complications. Signs of dehydration include:
Greed
Excitability
Restlessness
Lethargy
dry mouth, tongue and lips
sunken eyes
a dry diaper for several hours in infants or fewer trips to the bathroom to urinate in older children
If you see any of these signs, call the doctor immediately.
scarlet fever
Scarlet fever
About Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is caused by infection with group A streptococcus bacteria. The bacteria produce a toxin (poison), which
cause the scarlet rash from which this illness gets its name.
Not all streptococci bacteria make this toxin and not all kids are sensitive. Two children in the same family may both
Have strep infections, but one child (who is sensitive to the toxin) may develop the rash of scarlet fever while the
not others. Usually, if a child has this scarlet rash and other symptoms of strep throat, it can be treated with
Antibiotics. So if your child these symptoms, it is important to call your doctor.
Symptoms of Scarlet Fever
The rash is the most striking sign of scarlet fever. It usually starts like a bad sunburn with tiny bumps and seek
may itch. The rash usually appears first on the neck and face, often leaving a clear unaffected area around the mouth. They
spreads to the chest and back, then to the rest of the body. In body creases, especially around the underarms and elbows,
the rash forms classic red streaks. Areas of rash usually turn white when you press on them. By the sixth day of
Infection the rash usually fades, but the affected skin may begin to peel.
Aside from the rash, there are usually other symptoms that help to confirm a diagnosis of scarlet fever, including a
reddened sore throat, fever over 101 ° F (38.3 ° C) and swollen glands in the neck. The tonsils and back of the throat
can be covered with a whitish coating, or appear red, swollen, and dotted with whitish or yellowish specks of pus. Early
in the infection, the tongue may be a whitish or yellowish coating. Can have a child with scarlet fever and chills,
Body aches, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
When scarlet fever occurs because of a throat infection, the fever typically stops within 3 to 5 days and the wound
Throat goes soon after. The scarlet fever rash usually fades on the sixth day after sore throat symptoms began, but
Skin that was covered by rash may begin to peel. This scrub can take 10 days. With antibiotic treatment, the infection
itself is usually cured with a 10-day course of antibiotics, but it may take a few weeks for tonsils and swollen glands
return to normal.
In rare cases, scarlet fever may develop from a streptococcal skin infection such as impetigo. In these cases, the child
not a sore throat.
Prevent scarlet fever
The bacterial infection that causes scarlet fever is contagious. A child who has scarlet fever can spread the bacteria
others through nasal and throat fluids by sneezing and coughing. If a child causes a skin infection caused by streptococcus
Bacteria such as impetigo, it can be transmitted through contact with the skin.
In everyday life, there is no perfect way to prevent the infections that cause scarlet fever. When a child is sick at home,
it is always safest to keep that child's drinking glasses and eating utensils separate from those of other family members,
and these objects thoroughly in hot soapy water. Wash your own hands frequently as you like for a child with a nursing home
Streptococcal infection.
The treatment of scarlet
If your child has a rash and the doctor suspects scarlet fever, he or she will usually have a throat culture (a painless
Throat swab secretions) if the bacteria grow in the laboratory. Once a strep infection is confirmed, the doctor
will probably prescribe an antibiotic for your child to be taken for about 10 days.
Caring for a child with scarlet fever
A child with a severe sore throat may find that eating is painful, as the soft foods or a liquid diet may
required. Include soothing teas and warm nutritious soups, or cool soft drinks, milkshakes and ice cream. Verify
that the child drinks plenty of fluids.
Use a cool mist humidifier to add moisture to the air, since this will help soothe the sore throat. A moist warm towel
can help around your child's neck to soothe swollen glands.
If the rash itches, make sure that your child's fingernails are trimmed short so that the skin is not damaged by scratching.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child suddenly develops a rash, especially if it is accompanied by a fever, sore throat, or
swollen glands. This is especially important if your child has any of the symptoms of sore throat, or if someone in your
Family or in your child's school has recently had a streptococcal infection.
About Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is caused by infection with group A streptococcus bacteria. The bacteria produce a toxin (poison), which
cause the scarlet rash from which this illness gets its name.
Not all streptococci bacteria make this toxin and not all kids are sensitive. Two children in the same family may both
Have strep infections, but one child (who is sensitive to the toxin) may develop the rash of scarlet fever while the
not others. Usually, if a child has this scarlet rash and other symptoms of strep throat, it can be treated with
Antibiotics. So if your child these symptoms, it is important to call your doctor.
Symptoms of Scarlet Fever
The rash is the most striking sign of scarlet fever. It usually starts like a bad sunburn with tiny bumps and seek
may itch. The rash usually appears first on the neck and face, often leaving a clear unaffected area around the mouth. They
spreads to the chest and back, then to the rest of the body. In body creases, especially around the underarms and elbows,
the rash forms classic red streaks. Areas of rash usually turn white when you press on them. By the sixth day of
Infection the rash usually fades, but the affected skin may begin to peel.
Aside from the rash, there are usually other symptoms that help to confirm a diagnosis of scarlet fever, including a
reddened sore throat, fever over 101 ° F (38.3 ° C) and swollen glands in the neck. The tonsils and back of the throat
can be covered with a whitish coating, or appear red, swollen, and dotted with whitish or yellowish specks of pus. Early
in the infection, the tongue may be a whitish or yellowish coating. Can have a child with scarlet fever and chills,
Body aches, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
When scarlet fever occurs because of a throat infection, the fever typically stops within 3 to 5 days and the wound
Throat goes soon after. The scarlet fever rash usually fades on the sixth day after sore throat symptoms began, but
Skin that was covered by rash may begin to peel. This scrub can take 10 days. With antibiotic treatment, the infection
itself is usually cured with a 10-day course of antibiotics, but it may take a few weeks for tonsils and swollen glands
return to normal.
In rare cases, scarlet fever may develop from a streptococcal skin infection such as impetigo. In these cases, the child
not a sore throat.
Prevent scarlet fever
The bacterial infection that causes scarlet fever is contagious. A child who has scarlet fever can spread the bacteria
others through nasal and throat fluids by sneezing and coughing. If a child causes a skin infection caused by streptococcus
Bacteria such as impetigo, it can be transmitted through contact with the skin.
In everyday life, there is no perfect way to prevent the infections that cause scarlet fever. When a child is sick at home,
it is always safest to keep that child's drinking glasses and eating utensils separate from those of other family members,
and these objects thoroughly in hot soapy water. Wash your own hands frequently as you like for a child with a nursing home
Streptococcal infection.
The treatment of scarlet
If your child has a rash and the doctor suspects scarlet fever, he or she will usually have a throat culture (a painless
Throat swab secretions) if the bacteria grow in the laboratory. Once a strep infection is confirmed, the doctor
will probably prescribe an antibiotic for your child to be taken for about 10 days.
Caring for a child with scarlet fever
A child with a severe sore throat may find that eating is painful, as the soft foods or a liquid diet may
required. Include soothing teas and warm nutritious soups, or cool soft drinks, milkshakes and ice cream. Verify
that the child drinks plenty of fluids.
Use a cool mist humidifier to add moisture to the air, since this will help soothe the sore throat. A moist warm towel
can help around your child's neck to soothe swollen glands.
If the rash itches, make sure that your child's fingernails are trimmed short so that the skin is not damaged by scratching.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child suddenly develops a rash, especially if it is accompanied by a fever, sore throat, or
swollen glands. This is especially important if your child has any of the symptoms of sore throat, or if someone in your
Family or in your child's school has recently had a streptococcal infection.
Salmonella infections
Salmonella infections
A salmonella infection is caused by an out food poisoning by Salmonella of some animals that can
transmitted from kitchen surfaces, and may be in water, soil, animal feces, raw meat and eggs. Salmonella infections
typically affect the intestines, causing vomiting, fever and other symptoms that usually resolve without medical
Treatment.
You can help to prevent salmonella infections by not serve any raw eggs or not keeping reptiles as pets, meat, and,
especially if you have very young children.
Hand washing is a good way to protect against salmonella infections, so it is important to teach children to wash their
Hands, especially after trips to the toilet and before handling food in any way.
Salmonella Basics
Not everyone who Salmonella consumed sick. Children, especially young children, are the most likely
Candidates sick of it. About 50,000 cases of Salmonella infection in the United States each year reported
and about a third of them are old and younger kids in 4 years.
The type of Salmonella is most commonly associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in humans. It is
carried by chickens, cows and reptiles such as turtles, lizards and iguanas.
Another, rarer form of salmonella, typhoidal salmonella (typhoid fever) is carried out by humans and is usually
transmitted by direct contact with the feces of an infected person. This type of Salmonella infection can
lead to high fever, abdominal pain, headache, malaise, lethargy, rash, constipation, and delirium. It occurs
especially in developing countries without appropriate systems for dealing with human waste.
Signs and symptoms
A salmonella infection usually causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, and
Headaches. Since many different types of diseases can cause these symptoms, most doctors will take a stool sample
make an accurate diagnosis.
Symptoms of most salmonella infections usually occur within 3 days of contamination and typically go away without
medical treatment.
In cases of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella, early symptoms are the same. But in the second week, in the liver
and spleen may be enlarged, and a distinctive "rose spotted" skin rash. From there, the infection
cause other health problems, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
People at risk for more serious complications from a salmonella infection include those who:
have weakened immune systems (such as people with HIV)
take medication against cancer
have sickle cell anemia, or an absent or dysfunctional spleen
increase in chronic gastric acid suppression drugs
In these high-risk groups, most doctors will treat an infection with antibiotics to prevent the spread, other
Parts of the body and cause additional health problems.
Prevention
You have many ways to prevent salmonella illness in your family. Most salmonella appear in
animal products and can be killed by the heat of cooking. Therefore, it is important to ensure that you do not serve raw or
undercooked eggs, poultry or meat. Microwaving is not a reliable way to kill the salmonella.
Because Salmonella can contaminate even intact and disinfected grade A eggs, avoid serving poached eggs or eggs
Who served sunny-side up.
Salmonella may also be spread by cross-contamination, so that if you prepare meals, keep cooked meat from
cooked and ready-to-eat foods. In addition, thoroughly wash hands, cutting boards, counters, knives after
Handling uncooked foods.
Some foods may contain unrecognized raw food products and should be avoided. Caesar salad dressing, Italian dessert
Tiramisu, homemade ice cream, chocolate mousse, eggnog, cookie dough and glazes may contain raw eggs. Unpasteurized
Milk and juices are contaminated with salmonella.
Feces (droppings) is often the source of the salmonella contamination, so hand washing is very important, especially
after using the toilet and before preparing food.
Be sure to avoid contact with the feces of domestic animals - especially reptiles. Wash your hands thoroughly after
Treatment of an animal and to ensure that no reptiles is permitted to come into contact with an infant. Even healthy reptiles
(Especially turtles and iguanas) are not appropriate pets for small children and should not be in the same house a
Infant.
Treatment
If your child has a salmonella infection and a healthy immune system, your doctor may allow the infection without a passport
Treatment. But every time your child develops a fever, headache or bloody diarrhea, call the doctor to rule out any other
Problems.
If your child is infected and has a fever, you might want to give paracetamol to lower its temperature and
To relieve cramps. As with any infection that causes diarrhea, it is important to give your child plenty of fluids
To avoid dehydration.
A salmonella infection is caused by an out food poisoning by Salmonella of some animals that can
transmitted from kitchen surfaces, and may be in water, soil, animal feces, raw meat and eggs. Salmonella infections
typically affect the intestines, causing vomiting, fever and other symptoms that usually resolve without medical
Treatment.
You can help to prevent salmonella infections by not serve any raw eggs or not keeping reptiles as pets, meat, and,
especially if you have very young children.
Hand washing is a good way to protect against salmonella infections, so it is important to teach children to wash their
Hands, especially after trips to the toilet and before handling food in any way.
Salmonella Basics
Not everyone who Salmonella consumed sick. Children, especially young children, are the most likely
Candidates sick of it. About 50,000 cases of Salmonella infection in the United States each year reported
and about a third of them are old and younger kids in 4 years.
The type of Salmonella is most commonly associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in humans. It is
carried by chickens, cows and reptiles such as turtles, lizards and iguanas.
Another, rarer form of salmonella, typhoidal salmonella (typhoid fever) is carried out by humans and is usually
transmitted by direct contact with the feces of an infected person. This type of Salmonella infection can
lead to high fever, abdominal pain, headache, malaise, lethargy, rash, constipation, and delirium. It occurs
especially in developing countries without appropriate systems for dealing with human waste.
Signs and symptoms
A salmonella infection usually causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, and
Headaches. Since many different types of diseases can cause these symptoms, most doctors will take a stool sample
make an accurate diagnosis.
Symptoms of most salmonella infections usually occur within 3 days of contamination and typically go away without
medical treatment.
In cases of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella, early symptoms are the same. But in the second week, in the liver
and spleen may be enlarged, and a distinctive "rose spotted" skin rash. From there, the infection
cause other health problems, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
People at risk for more serious complications from a salmonella infection include those who:
have weakened immune systems (such as people with HIV)
take medication against cancer
have sickle cell anemia, or an absent or dysfunctional spleen
increase in chronic gastric acid suppression drugs
In these high-risk groups, most doctors will treat an infection with antibiotics to prevent the spread, other
Parts of the body and cause additional health problems.
Prevention
You have many ways to prevent salmonella illness in your family. Most salmonella appear in
animal products and can be killed by the heat of cooking. Therefore, it is important to ensure that you do not serve raw or
undercooked eggs, poultry or meat. Microwaving is not a reliable way to kill the salmonella.
Because Salmonella can contaminate even intact and disinfected grade A eggs, avoid serving poached eggs or eggs
Who served sunny-side up.
Salmonella may also be spread by cross-contamination, so that if you prepare meals, keep cooked meat from
cooked and ready-to-eat foods. In addition, thoroughly wash hands, cutting boards, counters, knives after
Handling uncooked foods.
Some foods may contain unrecognized raw food products and should be avoided. Caesar salad dressing, Italian dessert
Tiramisu, homemade ice cream, chocolate mousse, eggnog, cookie dough and glazes may contain raw eggs. Unpasteurized
Milk and juices are contaminated with salmonella.
Feces (droppings) is often the source of the salmonella contamination, so hand washing is very important, especially
after using the toilet and before preparing food.
Be sure to avoid contact with the feces of domestic animals - especially reptiles. Wash your hands thoroughly after
Treatment of an animal and to ensure that no reptiles is permitted to come into contact with an infant. Even healthy reptiles
(Especially turtles and iguanas) are not appropriate pets for small children and should not be in the same house a
Infant.
Treatment
If your child has a salmonella infection and a healthy immune system, your doctor may allow the infection without a passport
Treatment. But every time your child develops a fever, headache or bloody diarrhea, call the doctor to rule out any other
Problems.
If your child is infected and has a fever, you might want to give paracetamol to lower its temperature and
To relieve cramps. As with any infection that causes diarrhea, it is important to give your child plenty of fluids
To avoid dehydration.
Rubella (German measles)
Rubella (German measles)
About rubella
Rubella - commonly known as German measles or 3-day measles - is an infection that affects mainly the skin and lymph
Node. It is the rubella virus (not the same virus, measles caused), typically caused by the transmitted
Droplets from the nose or throat that others breathe in. It can also pass through a pregnant woman's bloodstream to
infect her unborn child.
It is usually a mild illness in children, the primary medical danger of rubella is the infection of pregnant women
because it can cause congenital rubella syndrome in developing babies.
Before a vaccine against rubella became available in 1969, rubella epidemics occurred every 6-9 years, mostly under
Children 5 to 9 years old. Many cases of congenital rubella occurred as well. Thanks to immunization, there are far fewer
Cases of rubella and congenital rubella.
Most rubella today appear in young, non-immunized adults rather than in children. In fact, experts estimate that
10% of young adults are currently susceptible to rubella, which could pose a danger to children they might have someday.
Signs and symptoms
Rubella infection can be with 1-2 days of mild fever (99-100 ° F, 37.2 to 37.8 ° C) and swollen, tender lymph nodes begin
usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. A rash starts on the face and then spreads downward. As it spreads,
it usually clears on the face. The rash is often the first indication of disease noticed that one of the parents.
The rubella rash can look like many other viral rashes. It appears as either pink or light red spots, which may merge
form evenly colored patches. The rash can itch and lasts up to 3 days. As the rash clears, the affected skin occasionally
Sheds in very fine flakes.
Other symptoms of rubella (these are more common in adolescents and adults) can include headache, loss of appetite, mild
Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eyelids and eyeballs), a stuffy or runny nose, swollen lymph nodes in
other parts of the body, and pain and swelling in the joints (especially in young women). Many people with rubella
few or no symptoms.
Rubella in a pregnant woman can be congenital rubella syndrome, with potentially devastating consequences for the
developing fetus. Children who are infected with rubella before birth are at risk for growth retardation, mental
Retardation, malformations of the heart and eyes, deafness, and liver, spleen and bone marrow problems.
Contagiousness
The rubella virus passes from person to person through tiny drops of fluid from the nose and throat. People who have
Rubella is highly contagious to 1 week before the rash appears after 1 week. Someone who is infected but has no
Symptoms can still spread the virus.
Infants who have congenital rubella syndrome throw the virus in urine and fluid from the nose and throat for a year or
more and can pass to people who have not been immunized the virus.
Prevention
Rubella can be prevented by the rubella vaccine. Widespread immunization against rubella is critical for the control of
Spread of the disease, thereby preventing birth defects caused by rubella syndrome.
The vaccine is usually administered to children at 12-15 months as part of the planned measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)
Immunization. A second dose of MMR is generally administered at 4-6 years. As with the previous immunization
Schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. For example, if your child will be traveling outside
the United States, the vaccine can be given as early as 6 months of age. Talk with your child's doctor to see if the
Vaccine is required.
The rubella vaccine should not be given to pregnant women or women who may become pregnant within 1 month
receive the vaccine. If you are thinking about getting pregnant, make sure that you're immune to rubella by a
Blood test or proof of immunization. If you are not immune, you should receive the vaccine at least 1 month before
to become pregnant.
Pregnant women who are not immune should be someone who has the disease and should be vaccinated after delivery, thus avoiding
they are immune during any future pregnancies.
Incubation
The incubation period for rubella is 14-23 days, with an average incubation period of 16-18 days. This means that there
takes 2-3 weeks for a child to get measles after being exposed to someone with the disease.
Time
The rubella rash usually lasts three days. Lymph nodes may remain swollen for a week or longer and joint pain can last
more than 2 weeks. Children who have rubella usually recover within 1 week, but adults may take longer.
Treatment
Rubella can not be treated with antibiotics because they do not work against viral infections. Unless there are
Complications will resolve themselves rubella.
Every pregnant woman who was exposed to rubella should contact her obstetrician immediately.
Rubella is usually mild in children, which can often be cared for at home. Monitor your child's temperature and call the
Doctor if the fever rises too high.
To relieve minor discomfort, you can give your child acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin to a child with a
been, because this use brought viral disease with the development of Reye's syndrome, which can lead to liver failure associated
and death.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child develops a fever of 102 ° F (38.9 ° C) or above (in a child younger than 6 months, for a call
Fever above 100.4 ° F or 38 ° C), or if your child seems to be sicker than the mild course of the symptoms described
above.
About rubella
Rubella - commonly known as German measles or 3-day measles - is an infection that affects mainly the skin and lymph
Node. It is the rubella virus (not the same virus, measles caused), typically caused by the transmitted
Droplets from the nose or throat that others breathe in. It can also pass through a pregnant woman's bloodstream to
infect her unborn child.
It is usually a mild illness in children, the primary medical danger of rubella is the infection of pregnant women
because it can cause congenital rubella syndrome in developing babies.
Before a vaccine against rubella became available in 1969, rubella epidemics occurred every 6-9 years, mostly under
Children 5 to 9 years old. Many cases of congenital rubella occurred as well. Thanks to immunization, there are far fewer
Cases of rubella and congenital rubella.
Most rubella today appear in young, non-immunized adults rather than in children. In fact, experts estimate that
10% of young adults are currently susceptible to rubella, which could pose a danger to children they might have someday.
Signs and symptoms
Rubella infection can be with 1-2 days of mild fever (99-100 ° F, 37.2 to 37.8 ° C) and swollen, tender lymph nodes begin
usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. A rash starts on the face and then spreads downward. As it spreads,
it usually clears on the face. The rash is often the first indication of disease noticed that one of the parents.
The rubella rash can look like many other viral rashes. It appears as either pink or light red spots, which may merge
form evenly colored patches. The rash can itch and lasts up to 3 days. As the rash clears, the affected skin occasionally
Sheds in very fine flakes.
Other symptoms of rubella (these are more common in adolescents and adults) can include headache, loss of appetite, mild
Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eyelids and eyeballs), a stuffy or runny nose, swollen lymph nodes in
other parts of the body, and pain and swelling in the joints (especially in young women). Many people with rubella
few or no symptoms.
Rubella in a pregnant woman can be congenital rubella syndrome, with potentially devastating consequences for the
developing fetus. Children who are infected with rubella before birth are at risk for growth retardation, mental
Retardation, malformations of the heart and eyes, deafness, and liver, spleen and bone marrow problems.
Contagiousness
The rubella virus passes from person to person through tiny drops of fluid from the nose and throat. People who have
Rubella is highly contagious to 1 week before the rash appears after 1 week. Someone who is infected but has no
Symptoms can still spread the virus.
Infants who have congenital rubella syndrome throw the virus in urine and fluid from the nose and throat for a year or
more and can pass to people who have not been immunized the virus.
Prevention
Rubella can be prevented by the rubella vaccine. Widespread immunization against rubella is critical for the control of
Spread of the disease, thereby preventing birth defects caused by rubella syndrome.
The vaccine is usually administered to children at 12-15 months as part of the planned measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)
Immunization. A second dose of MMR is generally administered at 4-6 years. As with the previous immunization
Schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. For example, if your child will be traveling outside
the United States, the vaccine can be given as early as 6 months of age. Talk with your child's doctor to see if the
Vaccine is required.
The rubella vaccine should not be given to pregnant women or women who may become pregnant within 1 month
receive the vaccine. If you are thinking about getting pregnant, make sure that you're immune to rubella by a
Blood test or proof of immunization. If you are not immune, you should receive the vaccine at least 1 month before
to become pregnant.
Pregnant women who are not immune should be someone who has the disease and should be vaccinated after delivery, thus avoiding
they are immune during any future pregnancies.
Incubation
The incubation period for rubella is 14-23 days, with an average incubation period of 16-18 days. This means that there
takes 2-3 weeks for a child to get measles after being exposed to someone with the disease.
Time
The rubella rash usually lasts three days. Lymph nodes may remain swollen for a week or longer and joint pain can last
more than 2 weeks. Children who have rubella usually recover within 1 week, but adults may take longer.
Treatment
Rubella can not be treated with antibiotics because they do not work against viral infections. Unless there are
Complications will resolve themselves rubella.
Every pregnant woman who was exposed to rubella should contact her obstetrician immediately.
Rubella is usually mild in children, which can often be cared for at home. Monitor your child's temperature and call the
Doctor if the fever rises too high.
To relieve minor discomfort, you can give your child acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin to a child with a
been, because this use brought viral disease with the development of Reye's syndrome, which can lead to liver failure associated
and death.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child develops a fever of 102 ° F (38.9 ° C) or above (in a child younger than 6 months, for a call
Fever above 100.4 ° F or 38 ° C), or if your child seems to be sicker than the mild course of the symptoms described
above.
rotavirus
Rotavirus
About rotavirus
Almost all children have a rotavirus infection by the time they are as was 5 years old. Rotavirus is the most common
Causes of diarrhea and severe infection (rotavirus gastroenteritis) is the leading cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea
in infants and young children.
Rotavirus infections are responsible for approximately 3 million cases of diarrhea and 55,000 hospitalizations for
Diarrhea and dehydration in children under 5 each year in the United States.
Although these infections cause relatively few U.S. deaths caused by rotavirus diarrhea caused more than half a million
Deaths worldwide per year. This does not, especially in the developing countries, where nutrition and health care
optimally.
Signs and symptoms
Children with a rotavirus infection, fever, nausea and vomiting, often followed by abdominal cramps and frequent, watery
Diarrhea. Children may also have a cough and runny nose. As with all viruses, though, because few or rotavirus infections
no symptoms, especially in adults.
Sometimes the diarrhea that accompanies a rotavirus infection is so severe that it quickly lead to dehydration. Signs
of dehydration include thirst, irritability, restlessness, lethargy, sunken eyes, a dry mouth and tongue, dry skin,
fewer trips to the bathroom to urinate, and (in infants) a dry diaper for several hours.
Contagiousness
In the United States, rotavirus infection outbreaks during the winter and spring months are common. It is in particular a
Problem in day care centers and children's hospitals because rotavirus infection is very contagious.
The virus enters the stool of infected people before and after they have symptoms of the disease. Children can
become infected if they. their fingers in their mouths after touching something that has been contaminated Usually this is
happens when children do not wash their hands often, especially before eating and after using the toilet.
People who for children, including health care and kindergarten teachers, no matter can also spread the virus, especially if
do not wash their hands after changing diapers.
Prevention
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) now recommends a rotavirus vaccine in the preparation of routine be included
Given vaccinations for all children.
The vaccine RotaTeq has prevent about 75% of cases of rotavirus infection and 98% of severe cases.
Another vaccine, Rotarix, and is also effective in preventing rotavirus infection. Your doctor will
Current information about these vaccines.
A previous rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn from the market in 1999 because it was linked to an increased risk for
Intussusception, a type of bowel obstruction, in young infants. Neither RotaTeq, Rotarix found to have the
increased risk.
Frequent hand washing is the best tool to limit the spread of rotavirus infection. Children who are infected should stay home
Childcare groups until their diarrhea has ended. In hospitals, rotavirus outbreaks are controlled by isolating
infected patients and following strict hand-washing procedures.
Professional treatment
An infant or young child is moderately or severely dehydrated may be treated in a hospital with intravenous
(IV) fluids to bring the body's fluid and salt levels back to normal. Most older children can be treated at home.
Your doctor may need your child's blood, urine or stool should test to confirm that the diarrhea is caused by
Rotavirus and not by bacteria. Because antibiotics are not against diseases caused by viruses work, the doctor will not
Prescribe antibiotics to treat a rotavirus infection.
Home Treatment
To prevent dehydration, follow your doctor's advice about what your child is eating and drinking. Your doctor may suggest
that your child special drinks to replace body fluids, especially if the diarrhea has lasted longer
than 2 or 3 days.
In general, children should continue to eat normally with mild diarrhea who are not dehydrated, but should receive more
Liquids. (Fruit juices and soft drinks may include diarrhea worse and should be avoided.) Those who have mild to moderate
Dehydration should be corrected to an oral rehydration solution in small, often is the dehydration and then
should eat back to normal. Children who are breastfed should be breastfed while.
A child who is vomiting should eat smaller amounts more often. Follow your doctor's advice and avoid that
Your child medicines for diarrhea or vomiting store-bought, unless your doctor recommends it.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor for advice if your child has signs of rotavirus infection, including watery diarrhea, fever, nausea,
and vomiting. Call immediately if your child has signs of dehydration.
About rotavirus
Almost all children have a rotavirus infection by the time they are as was 5 years old. Rotavirus is the most common
Causes of diarrhea and severe infection (rotavirus gastroenteritis) is the leading cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea
in infants and young children.
Rotavirus infections are responsible for approximately 3 million cases of diarrhea and 55,000 hospitalizations for
Diarrhea and dehydration in children under 5 each year in the United States.
Although these infections cause relatively few U.S. deaths caused by rotavirus diarrhea caused more than half a million
Deaths worldwide per year. This does not, especially in the developing countries, where nutrition and health care
optimally.
Signs and symptoms
Children with a rotavirus infection, fever, nausea and vomiting, often followed by abdominal cramps and frequent, watery
Diarrhea. Children may also have a cough and runny nose. As with all viruses, though, because few or rotavirus infections
no symptoms, especially in adults.
Sometimes the diarrhea that accompanies a rotavirus infection is so severe that it quickly lead to dehydration. Signs
of dehydration include thirst, irritability, restlessness, lethargy, sunken eyes, a dry mouth and tongue, dry skin,
fewer trips to the bathroom to urinate, and (in infants) a dry diaper for several hours.
Contagiousness
In the United States, rotavirus infection outbreaks during the winter and spring months are common. It is in particular a
Problem in day care centers and children's hospitals because rotavirus infection is very contagious.
The virus enters the stool of infected people before and after they have symptoms of the disease. Children can
become infected if they. their fingers in their mouths after touching something that has been contaminated Usually this is
happens when children do not wash their hands often, especially before eating and after using the toilet.
People who for children, including health care and kindergarten teachers, no matter can also spread the virus, especially if
do not wash their hands after changing diapers.
Prevention
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) now recommends a rotavirus vaccine in the preparation of routine be included
Given vaccinations for all children.
The vaccine RotaTeq has prevent about 75% of cases of rotavirus infection and 98% of severe cases.
Another vaccine, Rotarix, and is also effective in preventing rotavirus infection. Your doctor will
Current information about these vaccines.
A previous rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn from the market in 1999 because it was linked to an increased risk for
Intussusception, a type of bowel obstruction, in young infants. Neither RotaTeq, Rotarix found to have the
increased risk.
Frequent hand washing is the best tool to limit the spread of rotavirus infection. Children who are infected should stay home
Childcare groups until their diarrhea has ended. In hospitals, rotavirus outbreaks are controlled by isolating
infected patients and following strict hand-washing procedures.
Professional treatment
An infant or young child is moderately or severely dehydrated may be treated in a hospital with intravenous
(IV) fluids to bring the body's fluid and salt levels back to normal. Most older children can be treated at home.
Your doctor may need your child's blood, urine or stool should test to confirm that the diarrhea is caused by
Rotavirus and not by bacteria. Because antibiotics are not against diseases caused by viruses work, the doctor will not
Prescribe antibiotics to treat a rotavirus infection.
Home Treatment
To prevent dehydration, follow your doctor's advice about what your child is eating and drinking. Your doctor may suggest
that your child special drinks to replace body fluids, especially if the diarrhea has lasted longer
than 2 or 3 days.
In general, children should continue to eat normally with mild diarrhea who are not dehydrated, but should receive more
Liquids. (Fruit juices and soft drinks may include diarrhea worse and should be avoided.) Those who have mild to moderate
Dehydration should be corrected to an oral rehydration solution in small, often is the dehydration and then
should eat back to normal. Children who are breastfed should be breastfed while.
A child who is vomiting should eat smaller amounts more often. Follow your doctor's advice and avoid that
Your child medicines for diarrhea or vomiting store-bought, unless your doctor recommends it.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor for advice if your child has signs of rotavirus infection, including watery diarrhea, fever, nausea,
and vomiting. Call immediately if your child has signs of dehydration.
roseola
Roseola
About Roseola
Roseola (also known as sixth disease, exanthem subitum, and roseola infantum) is a viral illness in young children, most
Usually affect between 6 months and 2 years old. It is usually characterized by a high fever for several days, followed
breaking through a distinct rash as the fever.
Two common and closely related viruses can roseola: human herpesvirus (HHV) type 6 and possibly give 7th This
Viruses are not lead to the same family as the better-known herpes viruses (HSV) simplex, but HHV-6 and HHV-7
Cold sores and genital herpes HSV infections that can cause.
Signs and symptoms
A child with roseola typically develops a mild disease of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by a high fever (often over 103 ° F, or follow
39.5 ° C) for up to one week. During this time, the child may appear fussy or irritable and may have a decreased appetite
and swollen lymph nodes (glands) in the neck.
The high fever often ends abruptly, and about the same time a pinkish-red flat or raised rash appears on the trunk and
extending over the body. The rash spots blanch (turn white) when you touch them, and individual spots may be an easier
"Halo" around them. The rash usually spreads to the neck, face, arms and legs.
The fast-rising fever that comes with roseola triggers febrile seizures (convulsions caused by high fevers) in about 10%
to 15% of young children. Signs of a febrile seizure include:
Unconsciousness
2 to 3 minutes of jerking or twitching in the arms, legs or face
Loss of control of the bladder or bowel
Contagiousness
Roseola is contagious and spreads through tiny drops of fluid from the nose and throat of infected people. These drops
are expelled when an infected person talks, laughs, sneezes or coughs. Other people who breathe or touch the drops
they then touch their own nose or mouth can also be infected.
The viruses that cause roseola do not appear to be distributed by the children while they are having symptoms of the disease.
Instead, anyone who has not yet developed symptoms often spreads the infection.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent the spread of roseola. Because the infection usually in young children, but rarely
Adults, it is believed that a bout of roseola in childhood may provide some lasting immunity against the disease. Repeat cases
of roseola may occur, but they are not common.
Time
The fever of roseola lasts for 3-7 days followed by a rash from hours to a few days.
Professional treatment
To make a diagnosis, your doctor first will take a history and a thorough physical examination. A diagnosis of roseola
is often uncertain until the fever drops and the rash appears, so the doctor can test to make sure that the fever
not any other type of infection.
Roseola usually does not require professional treatment, and if it works, most of the treatment is to reduce the high target
Fever. Antibiotics can not treat roseola because a virus, a bacterium not, it causes.
Home Treatment
Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) or ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin) can help your child to reduce fever. Do not give
Aspirin has been brought to a child who has a viral illness because its use has in such cases with Reye's syndrome that the
can lead to liver failure and death.
While some parents use tepid sponge baths to help lower fever, there is no evidence that this really works. In
Sponge baths can actually make children uncomfortable. Never give your child ice, cold water, alcohol rubs, fans, or cold
Bathrooms.
To prevent dehydration from fever, encourage your child to drink clear fluids such as water with ice chips,
Children's electrolyte solutions, flat sodas like ginger ale or lemon-lime (stir at room temperature soda fizz up
disappears), or clear broth. If you are still breastfeeding, breast milk can prevent dehydration as well.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child is lethargic or not drinking or if you can not keep the fever down. If your child has a
Seizure, seek emergency care immediately.
About Roseola
Roseola (also known as sixth disease, exanthem subitum, and roseola infantum) is a viral illness in young children, most
Usually affect between 6 months and 2 years old. It is usually characterized by a high fever for several days, followed
breaking through a distinct rash as the fever.
Two common and closely related viruses can roseola: human herpesvirus (HHV) type 6 and possibly give 7th This
Viruses are not lead to the same family as the better-known herpes viruses (HSV) simplex, but HHV-6 and HHV-7
Cold sores and genital herpes HSV infections that can cause.
Signs and symptoms
A child with roseola typically develops a mild disease of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by a high fever (often over 103 ° F, or follow
39.5 ° C) for up to one week. During this time, the child may appear fussy or irritable and may have a decreased appetite
and swollen lymph nodes (glands) in the neck.
The high fever often ends abruptly, and about the same time a pinkish-red flat or raised rash appears on the trunk and
extending over the body. The rash spots blanch (turn white) when you touch them, and individual spots may be an easier
"Halo" around them. The rash usually spreads to the neck, face, arms and legs.
The fast-rising fever that comes with roseola triggers febrile seizures (convulsions caused by high fevers) in about 10%
to 15% of young children. Signs of a febrile seizure include:
Unconsciousness
2 to 3 minutes of jerking or twitching in the arms, legs or face
Loss of control of the bladder or bowel
Contagiousness
Roseola is contagious and spreads through tiny drops of fluid from the nose and throat of infected people. These drops
are expelled when an infected person talks, laughs, sneezes or coughs. Other people who breathe or touch the drops
they then touch their own nose or mouth can also be infected.
The viruses that cause roseola do not appear to be distributed by the children while they are having symptoms of the disease.
Instead, anyone who has not yet developed symptoms often spreads the infection.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent the spread of roseola. Because the infection usually in young children, but rarely
Adults, it is believed that a bout of roseola in childhood may provide some lasting immunity against the disease. Repeat cases
of roseola may occur, but they are not common.
Time
The fever of roseola lasts for 3-7 days followed by a rash from hours to a few days.
Professional treatment
To make a diagnosis, your doctor first will take a history and a thorough physical examination. A diagnosis of roseola
is often uncertain until the fever drops and the rash appears, so the doctor can test to make sure that the fever
not any other type of infection.
Roseola usually does not require professional treatment, and if it works, most of the treatment is to reduce the high target
Fever. Antibiotics can not treat roseola because a virus, a bacterium not, it causes.
Home Treatment
Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) or ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin) can help your child to reduce fever. Do not give
Aspirin has been brought to a child who has a viral illness because its use has in such cases with Reye's syndrome that the
can lead to liver failure and death.
While some parents use tepid sponge baths to help lower fever, there is no evidence that this really works. In
Sponge baths can actually make children uncomfortable. Never give your child ice, cold water, alcohol rubs, fans, or cold
Bathrooms.
To prevent dehydration from fever, encourage your child to drink clear fluids such as water with ice chips,
Children's electrolyte solutions, flat sodas like ginger ale or lemon-lime (stir at room temperature soda fizz up
disappears), or clear broth. If you are still breastfeeding, breast milk can prevent dehydration as well.
When to call the doctor
Call the doctor if your child is lethargic or not drinking or if you can not keep the fever down. If your child has a
Seizure, seek emergency care immediately.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
About RMSF
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a bacterial infection that is transmitted to humans through tick bites. It occurs most
often in the spring and summer, during the months when ticks are active - between April and early September.
Although RMSF is most common in the southeastern part of the United States (Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas), it
occurs in other states as well. It is relatively rare (about 250 to 2.000 cases per year in the United States), but can be a
serious disease if not treated properly.
The bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii RMSF caused by the dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) transferred into the
Eastern United States and by the wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) in the Rocky Mountain states. On the west coast, the
Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum) can also transmit the bacteria.
RMSF has its name from the trademark rash it causes - small red spots and stains that start at the wrists, ankles,
Palms and soles. In addition to the rash, the infection can cause fever, chills, muscle aches, vomiting and nausea.
RMSF is typically with antibiotics and patients recover without complications treated. But late or not
RMSF treatment can cause serious health problems.
If your child has a fever, body aches, stiff neck, or rash and has or been bitten by a tick, it is important to talk
with your doctor.
Signs and symptoms
To develop the symptoms of RMSF usually within 1 week after a tick bite, but may appear up to 2 weeks. In many cases,
the person does not even remember being bitten by a tick.
The symptoms of RMSF usually begin suddenly. There is a high fever - often 103 ° -105 ° F (39 ° -40 ° C) - with chills, muscle
Pain and a severe headache. The eyes may be red, muscles may feel tender, and it may include abdominal pain, nausea,
Vomiting, loss of appetite and fatigue.
The brand of this infection rash may begin at any time up to 10 days after the fever and headache start, but most
often appear on the third to fifth day. The rash looks like small red spots or blotches that begin on the wrists,
Knuckles, palms and soles. It spreads the arms and legs toward the trunk.
As the infection progresses, RMSF can start the original red spots look more like bruises or bloody spots or patches
beneath the skin.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Doctors usually diagnose Rocky Mountain spotted fever on enough symptoms to indicate an infection. Test results for
RMSF may take a while to be sent to the doctor, the treatment often begins before the results are available.
RMSF is typically treated with oral or IV antibiotics, depending on the severity of the infection. Complications
require a longer treatment.
If left untreated, RMSF can lead to serious health problems, so it is important to call your doctor right away if you notice any
RMSF symptoms such as:
high fever
Headaches
Chills
Muscle pain
red eyes
Deflection
Without antibiotic treatment, RMSF can lead to health problems, which include lead the heart, lungs and brain. In an extremely
severe case, it can be fatal.
If your child is recovering from RMSF at home, follow the instructions of the doctor give antibiotics. Let your child
rest in bed until the fever and other symptoms have disappeared.
Prevention
RMSF can be prevented by avoiding tick-infested areas, such as forests and tall grasses, brush, shrubs and low branches,
and precautions when spending time outdoors.
If they play outdoors, have children wear bright clothing that makes ticks more visible and when it
practical, long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Use an insect repellent, the ticks fights, being careful to follow
Instructions on the label. Make sure you have a repellent containing 10% to 30% concentration of DEET use (look for N, N-diethyl-
meta-toluamide).
Not all ticks carry the RMSF bacteria, but it is advisable to remove any delay. The longer a tick remains attached to the
Skin, the greater the likelihood of infection. It usually takes several hours for a tick to transmit the bacteria that cause
RMSF Once they are attached to the skin.
To remove a dog tick, use tweezers to get it through your head (and not just the body) grab as close to the skin as possible. Remove
steadily until the tick displaced. Without touching the tick, they keep in a jar or plastic bag until they can demonstrate
with your doctor. Disinfect the bite area with alcohol, wash your hands, and call your doctor.
Since pets can also bring ticks into your home, check their skin and fur for ticks when they play in since
Tick-infested areas. Follow advice on collars and other products that are used, keep your pet to your veterinarian
Tick-free.
If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor.
About RMSF
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a bacterial infection that is transmitted to humans through tick bites. It occurs most
often in the spring and summer, during the months when ticks are active - between April and early September.
Although RMSF is most common in the southeastern part of the United States (Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas), it
occurs in other states as well. It is relatively rare (about 250 to 2.000 cases per year in the United States), but can be a
serious disease if not treated properly.
The bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii RMSF caused by the dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) transferred into the
Eastern United States and by the wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) in the Rocky Mountain states. On the west coast, the
Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum) can also transmit the bacteria.
RMSF has its name from the trademark rash it causes - small red spots and stains that start at the wrists, ankles,
Palms and soles. In addition to the rash, the infection can cause fever, chills, muscle aches, vomiting and nausea.
RMSF is typically with antibiotics and patients recover without complications treated. But late or not
RMSF treatment can cause serious health problems.
If your child has a fever, body aches, stiff neck, or rash and has or been bitten by a tick, it is important to talk
with your doctor.
Signs and symptoms
To develop the symptoms of RMSF usually within 1 week after a tick bite, but may appear up to 2 weeks. In many cases,
the person does not even remember being bitten by a tick.
The symptoms of RMSF usually begin suddenly. There is a high fever - often 103 ° -105 ° F (39 ° -40 ° C) - with chills, muscle
Pain and a severe headache. The eyes may be red, muscles may feel tender, and it may include abdominal pain, nausea,
Vomiting, loss of appetite and fatigue.
The brand of this infection rash may begin at any time up to 10 days after the fever and headache start, but most
often appear on the third to fifth day. The rash looks like small red spots or blotches that begin on the wrists,
Knuckles, palms and soles. It spreads the arms and legs toward the trunk.
As the infection progresses, RMSF can start the original red spots look more like bruises or bloody spots or patches
beneath the skin.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Doctors usually diagnose Rocky Mountain spotted fever on enough symptoms to indicate an infection. Test results for
RMSF may take a while to be sent to the doctor, the treatment often begins before the results are available.
RMSF is typically treated with oral or IV antibiotics, depending on the severity of the infection. Complications
require a longer treatment.
If left untreated, RMSF can lead to serious health problems, so it is important to call your doctor right away if you notice any
RMSF symptoms such as:
high fever
Headaches
Chills
Muscle pain
red eyes
Deflection
Without antibiotic treatment, RMSF can lead to health problems, which include lead the heart, lungs and brain. In an extremely
severe case, it can be fatal.
If your child is recovering from RMSF at home, follow the instructions of the doctor give antibiotics. Let your child
rest in bed until the fever and other symptoms have disappeared.
Prevention
RMSF can be prevented by avoiding tick-infested areas, such as forests and tall grasses, brush, shrubs and low branches,
and precautions when spending time outdoors.
If they play outdoors, have children wear bright clothing that makes ticks more visible and when it
practical, long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Use an insect repellent, the ticks fights, being careful to follow
Instructions on the label. Make sure you have a repellent containing 10% to 30% concentration of DEET use (look for N, N-diethyl-
meta-toluamide).
Not all ticks carry the RMSF bacteria, but it is advisable to remove any delay. The longer a tick remains attached to the
Skin, the greater the likelihood of infection. It usually takes several hours for a tick to transmit the bacteria that cause
RMSF Once they are attached to the skin.
To remove a dog tick, use tweezers to get it through your head (and not just the body) grab as close to the skin as possible. Remove
steadily until the tick displaced. Without touching the tick, they keep in a jar or plastic bag until they can demonstrate
with your doctor. Disinfect the bite area with alcohol, wash your hands, and call your doctor.
Since pets can also bring ticks into your home, check their skin and fur for ticks when they play in since
Tick-infested areas. Follow advice on collars and other products that are used, keep your pet to your veterinarian
Tick-free.
If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor.
Reye's syndrome
Reye's syndrome
Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious disease that can damage the brain and liver, occurs most commonly in children
Recover from a viral infection.
Named after Australian pathologist R. Douglas Reye, who first reported it in 1963 as an independent syndrome, Reye's syndrome
not yet well understood. Studies have examined the use of aspirin (also called salicylates) connected or aspirin-containing
Medication during viral disease as a factor in the development of Reye's syndrome.
Cases have been discovered since this link is dropped and started giving doctors advise against aspirin
Children and young people, especially during viral diseases.
About Reye's syndrome
Reye's syndrome mainly affects children 4-14 years old, and is most common in viral diseases
Epidemic, such as during the winter months or after an outbreak of chickenpox or influenza B.
Duration varies with the severity of disease, may be the range from mild and self-limiting, rarely, death within
Hours. Although severity varies, Reye's syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that should be treated as
medical emergency.
Early detection and treatment are crucial - the chances of a successful recovery are greater if Reye's syndrome is
treated in its earliest stages.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of Reye's syndrome are almost always preceded by a viral illness, such as an upper respiratory tract
Infection (a cold, flu, etc.), a diarrheal illness or chickenpox. Many cases are mild and may even go undetected;
others can be severe and require aggressive care.
Reye's syndrome can occur from 1 day to 2 weeks after a viral infection. The viral diseases that cause are
contagious, but not the syndrome itself.
Symptoms are:
frequent vomiting
Lethargy or drowsiness
in infants, diarrhea and rapid breathing
Irritability or aggressive behavior
In the later stages, a child may exhibit irrational behavior, confusion, severe muscle weakness, cramps and loss
Awareness. There is usually no fever.
Other symptoms include blurred vision, difficulty hearing, and abnormal speech.
Reye's syndrome is now very rare: only a few cases per year reported in the United States. It should be noted,
However, in a child with frequent vomiting or a change in mental status or behavior - especially if, in the
a recent viral illness.
Prevention
Aspirin and other drugs from the salicylate family should never be used in the treatment of chicken pox, influenza, and
other viral diseases. Many over-the-counter (OTC) medicines contain salicylates, so be sure to read the labels and talk
Your doctor if you are not sure whether a drug is safe for your child.
Generally should not be used for children or teenagers except on the advice of a physician for certain aspirin (salicylates)
Conditions.
Treatment
Children with Reye's syndrome are usually treated in a hospital, those who are seriously ill, will be maintained in the
Intensive care unit (ICU).
Treatment is supportive, as there is no cure. The clinical care team focused on the fact that a child with Reye's syndrome
stays hydrated and maintain electrolyte balance, and monitors food intake and cardiovascular status. Opportunities
Recovery are greatest when that key systems are as balanced as possible. Tests that must be done, including blood tests
Monitor electrolytes and liver function and an imaging study of the brain (CAT scan or MRI).
Mechanical ventilation (a breathing machine or respirator) may be necessary if breathing is slow or ineffective.
Intracranial pressure (pressure of the fluid within the brain), and the blood pressure can be monitored. Small amounts of
Given insulin, glucose metabolism, corticosteroids to reduce brain swelling, and increase diuretics to get rid of are
excess liquid. If seizures occur, they are treated with medication.
The prognosis for children with Reye's syndrome has improved. Thanks to earlier diagnosis and better treatment, the
Survival rate increased to about 80%. The earlier the disease is detected the better the chances for survival. Children
Progress that can show up in the late stages of the syndrome suffer brain damage and disability.
When to call the doctor
If your child is vomiting, behavioral changes or extreme sleepiness, especially after a viral illness such as the flu
or a cold, you turn to your doctor or seek medical attention immediately.
Of course, many children with viruses have some of these symptoms, and most will not Reye's syndrome. Nevertheless
Early detection is the key to successful treatment of Reye's syndrome.
Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious disease that can damage the brain and liver, occurs most commonly in children
Recover from a viral infection.
Named after Australian pathologist R. Douglas Reye, who first reported it in 1963 as an independent syndrome, Reye's syndrome
not yet well understood. Studies have examined the use of aspirin (also called salicylates) connected or aspirin-containing
Medication during viral disease as a factor in the development of Reye's syndrome.
Cases have been discovered since this link is dropped and started giving doctors advise against aspirin
Children and young people, especially during viral diseases.
About Reye's syndrome
Reye's syndrome mainly affects children 4-14 years old, and is most common in viral diseases
Epidemic, such as during the winter months or after an outbreak of chickenpox or influenza B.
Duration varies with the severity of disease, may be the range from mild and self-limiting, rarely, death within
Hours. Although severity varies, Reye's syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that should be treated as
medical emergency.
Early detection and treatment are crucial - the chances of a successful recovery are greater if Reye's syndrome is
treated in its earliest stages.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of Reye's syndrome are almost always preceded by a viral illness, such as an upper respiratory tract
Infection (a cold, flu, etc.), a diarrheal illness or chickenpox. Many cases are mild and may even go undetected;
others can be severe and require aggressive care.
Reye's syndrome can occur from 1 day to 2 weeks after a viral infection. The viral diseases that cause are
contagious, but not the syndrome itself.
Symptoms are:
frequent vomiting
Lethargy or drowsiness
in infants, diarrhea and rapid breathing
Irritability or aggressive behavior
In the later stages, a child may exhibit irrational behavior, confusion, severe muscle weakness, cramps and loss
Awareness. There is usually no fever.
Other symptoms include blurred vision, difficulty hearing, and abnormal speech.
Reye's syndrome is now very rare: only a few cases per year reported in the United States. It should be noted,
However, in a child with frequent vomiting or a change in mental status or behavior - especially if, in the
a recent viral illness.
Prevention
Aspirin and other drugs from the salicylate family should never be used in the treatment of chicken pox, influenza, and
other viral diseases. Many over-the-counter (OTC) medicines contain salicylates, so be sure to read the labels and talk
Your doctor if you are not sure whether a drug is safe for your child.
Generally should not be used for children or teenagers except on the advice of a physician for certain aspirin (salicylates)
Conditions.
Treatment
Children with Reye's syndrome are usually treated in a hospital, those who are seriously ill, will be maintained in the
Intensive care unit (ICU).
Treatment is supportive, as there is no cure. The clinical care team focused on the fact that a child with Reye's syndrome
stays hydrated and maintain electrolyte balance, and monitors food intake and cardiovascular status. Opportunities
Recovery are greatest when that key systems are as balanced as possible. Tests that must be done, including blood tests
Monitor electrolytes and liver function and an imaging study of the brain (CAT scan or MRI).
Mechanical ventilation (a breathing machine or respirator) may be necessary if breathing is slow or ineffective.
Intracranial pressure (pressure of the fluid within the brain), and the blood pressure can be monitored. Small amounts of
Given insulin, glucose metabolism, corticosteroids to reduce brain swelling, and increase diuretics to get rid of are
excess liquid. If seizures occur, they are treated with medication.
The prognosis for children with Reye's syndrome has improved. Thanks to earlier diagnosis and better treatment, the
Survival rate increased to about 80%. The earlier the disease is detected the better the chances for survival. Children
Progress that can show up in the late stages of the syndrome suffer brain damage and disability.
When to call the doctor
If your child is vomiting, behavioral changes or extreme sleepiness, especially after a viral illness such as the flu
or a cold, you turn to your doctor or seek medical attention immediately.
Of course, many children with viruses have some of these symptoms, and most will not Reye's syndrome. Nevertheless
Early detection is the key to successful treatment of Reye's syndrome.